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A&P 2 Continued > Final Lecture Exam** > Flashcards

Final Lecture Exam** Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

-causes the fluids in the body to become out of balance
-results from the inability to produce ADH

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2
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

-disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose in the blood
-pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin (or none at all)
-diabetes mellitus is the technical term for diabetes

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3
Q

What is diuresis?

A

increased or excessive production of urine

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4
Q

What is goiter?

A

irregular growth of the thyroid gland.
(Also called enlarged thyroid)

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5
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Excessive calcium in the blood

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6
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

Too much sugar in the blood (high blood sugar)

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7
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Decreased calcium in the blood
(Calcium deficiency)

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8
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Decreased sugar in the blood
(Low blood sugar)

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9
Q

What are prostaglandins (PG)?

A

hormone-like compounds produced in the body at sites of infection or tissue damage

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10
Q

What are receptors?

A

molecules that bind to a specific substance and causes a specific effect

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11
Q

What are second messengers?

A

small molecules that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins

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12
Q

What are steroids?

A

a group of lipids that have a certain chemical structure that act as signaling molecules that regulate a wide range of bodily functions

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13
Q

Target organ/cells

A

They possess specific receptors for a particular hormone, allowing them to respond to that hormone’s signals

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14
Q

Speed and persistence of nervous system

A

Reacts quickly and stops quickly

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15
Q

Speed and persistence of endocrine system

A

Reacts slowly, effects may continue for weeks

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16
Q

Nervous system area of effect

A

Targeted and specific (one organ)

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17
Q

Endocrine system area of effect

A

Widespread effects (many organs)

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18
Q

Nervous system adaptation to long-term stimuli

A

Adapts quickly (response declines)

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19
Q

Endocrine system adaptation to long-term stimuli

A

Adapts slowly (response persists)

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20
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that stimulate responses in cells of another tissue or organ

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21
Q

Steroid hormones

A

-lipid-soluble
-examples: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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22
Q

Non-steroid hormones

A

-protein hormones
-examples: insulin, thyroid and parathyroid hormone

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23
Q

What is synergism in terms of hormones?

A

Hormones that work together to produce a combined effect that is greater than individual effects

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24
Q

What is antagonism in terms of hormones?

A

a situation where one hormone’s effects are actively opposed or reversed by another hormone.
(the two hormones work against each other)

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25
Non-steroid hormones characteristics
-water soluble (hydrophilic) -carried by plasma -can’t penetrate into target cell -must cause effect indirectly -bind to receptor on membrane
26
Steroid hormones characteristics
-water insoluble (hydrophobic) -can’t be carried in plasma without carrier molecule -penetrate plasma membrane -bind to nuclear receptors -act directly on genes causing protein synthesis
27
Are non-steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
28
Are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
29
What is negative feedback?
acts to reverse or reduce any changes in the body Examples: sweating, temperature regulation, blood glucose regulation
30
What is positive feedback?
reinforces an initial process, amplifying changes instead of reversing them Example: childbirth
31
What do prostaglandins act on?
-inflammatory response -pain and fever -regulation of blood pressure -relaxation and contraction of uterine muscles -regulate sleep/wake cycle
32
What is the name of the anterior pituitary?
Adenohypophysis
33
What is the name of the posterior pituitary?
Neurohypophysis
34
What are the six hormones that the anterior pituitary secretes?
1. Growth hormone 2. Prolactin 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
35
Growth hormone (somatotropin) functions
-promotes growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues -protein synthesis increased -lipid metabolism -carbohydrate metabolism
36
What does prolactin do in a female?
-Promotes development of breasts -stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
37
What does prolactin do in males?
Enhances secretion of testosterone by testes
38
What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
Stimulates growth of gland and secretion of thyroid hormone
39
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?
Regulates responses to stress, stimulate adrenal cortex
40
What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
Stimulates production of egg or sperm cells
41
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in females?
Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen
42
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in males?
Stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone
43
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) mainly do?
Stimulates hormone production
44
What are follicle stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) called?
Gonadotropins
45
Posterior pituitary
Stores and releases hormones that are produced by hypothalamus
46
When does the posterior pituitary release hormones?
When hypothalamic neurons are stimulated
47
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) functions
-helps body conserve water -causes reabsorption of water from urine -raises blood pressure -also called vasopressin
48
Oxytocin functions
-promotes feeling of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding -stimulates labor contractions during childbirth -stimulates flow of milk during lactation -promotes emotional bonding between mother and infant
49
When is a surge of oxytocin released?
During sexual arousal and orgasm
50
51
What is a neuroendocrine reflex?
Hormone release in response to nervous system signals
52
Neuroendocrine reflex example
-Suckling infant leads to milk ejection -milk ejection reflex can be triggered by a baby’s cry
53
Where is the pineal gland located?
Attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum
54
What happens to the pineal gland after age 7?
It shrinks
55
Pineal gland functions
-synchronize physiological function -synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during the night
56
What is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
57
Thyroid gland characteristics
-composed of two loves and an isthmus below the larynx -dark reddish brown color due to rich blood supply
58
What hormones do the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine (T4), (T3), and calcitonin
59
Thyroid gland effects
-metabolic rate -heat production -protein synthesis -heart rate & contraction strength
60
Hypothyroidism symptoms
-hair loss -lethargy -intolerance to cold -dry skin -muscle weakness -constipation
61
Hyperthyroidism symptoms
-intolerance to heat -diarrhea -bulging eyes -tachycardia -enlarged thyroid
62
What is antagonistic to calcitonin?
Parathyroid hormone
63
What hormone do parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
64
Parathyroid glands functions
-most important regulator of calcium homeostasis -increase osteoclast activity -increase renal absorption of calcium
65
What is calcium essential for?
-bone formation and repair -blood clotting -transmission of nerve impulses -gland secretion -muscle contraction
66
Correction for hypercalcemia
**Calcitonin** secreted which leads to less bone resorption and more bone deposition which reduces calcium levels in the blood
67
Correction for hypocalcemia
**Parathyroid hormone** secreted which leads to conservation of calcium
68
What are the two portions of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
69
What does adrenal cortex produce?
More than 25 steroid hormones called corticosteroids
70
What does adrenal cortex secrete?
-aldosterone -cortisol -androgens -estradiol
71
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) functions
-maintenance of sodium homeostasis in blood -increases water retention -promotes the loss of potassium & hydrogen ions
72
73
Cortisol (glucocorticoid) functions
-stimulates gluconeogenesis -stimulates utilization of fatty acids and proteins for energy -secretion increases in response to stress -anti-inflammatory (acts with epinephrine)
74
When stimulated, what does the adrenal medulla release?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
75
Adrenal medulla functions
-increases alertness -prepares body for physical activity -increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow -decreases digestion & urine production
76
Pancreas location
Retroperitoneal, inferior and posterior to stomach
77
Pancreas
-exocrine digestive gland -endocrine cell clusters
78
What is an antagonist to insulin?
Glucagon
79
What cells is glucagon secreted by?
Alpha cells
80
Glucagon functions
-released when blood glucose is falling -stimulates fat catabolism -promotes absorption of amino acids
81
What cells is insulin released by?
Beta cells
82
When is insulin secreted?
When glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
83
What is the purpose of the make reproductive system?
Produce sperm
84
Insulin functions
-stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake -promotes synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein -suppresses use of stored fuels
85
What can absorb glucose without insulin?
-brain -liver -kidney -RBCs
86
What is testosterone produced by?
Interstitial cells of testes
87
What is responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
88
What is estrogen secreted by?
Ovarian follicles
89
What promotes the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics?
Estrogen
90
What is progesterone secreted by?
Corpus luteum
91
What does progesterone do?
Maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy
92
Placenta functions
-serves as temporary endocrine gland -produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
93
Where are T cells produced?
Thymus gland
94
What gland is the largest in children and atrophies with age?
Thymus gland
95
Where is sperm produced?
Testes
96
What type of cells are found in the seminiferous tubules of the testes?
Leydig and sertoli cells
97
What do leydig cells produce?
Testosterone
98
What do Sertoli cells produce?
Androgen binding proteins (ABP)
99
What are the two types of gonadotropins?
Leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormones
100
What does luetenizing hornone produce?
Leydig cells
101
What does follicle stimulating hormone produce?
Sertoli cells
102
What holds, matures, and transports sperm?
Epididymis
103
What does the seminal vesicle do?
Secretes fluid that mixes with sperm to produce semen
104
What is the external genitalia called in a female?
Vulva
105
What is homologous to the scrotum in females?
Labia majora
106
What thickens when a woman becomes pregnant
Endometrium
107
Where is the most common spot for sperm to fertilize an egg in the fallopian tube?
Ampulla
108
What contains and ovulates eggs in females?
Ovary
109
What hormones do ovaries produce?
Progesterone and estrogen

A&P 2 Continued (2 decks)

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