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A&P 2 Continued > Lecture Test #4 > Flashcards

Lecture Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

-removal of metabolic wastes
-fluid & electrolyte balance
-acid-base balance
-secretes erythropoietin & renin
-activation of synthesized vitamin D
-gluconeogenesis
-detoxification

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2
Q

What are the components of nitrogenous wastes?

A

-urea
-uric acid
-creatinine

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

They are retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)

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4
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower than the other?

A

Right kidney is slightly lower than left

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5
Q

What is a renal capsule?

A

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney

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6
Q

What does perirenal fat do?

A

Acts as cushioning for kidneys

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7
Q

What happens at the hilum of the kidneys?

A

Renal artery & nerves ENTER and renal vein & ureter EXIT kidneys

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8
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Structure in the kidney that detects changes and blood pressure in the kidneys and regulates overall function

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9
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidney, filters blood

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10
Q

What is the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule?

A

Cuplike structure that collects the filtrate from glomerulus. (Also holds glomerulus)

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11
Q

What does the glomerulus do?

A

Filters blood in the kidneys

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12
Q

What is the proximal tubule?

A

Tubule carrying filtrate away from bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

What is the distal tubule?

A

Tubule carrying urine towards the collecting duct

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14
Q

What does the collecting duct do?

A

Carries urine into the calyx

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15
Q

What does the nephron loop of henle do?

A

reabsorbs water and sodium chloride from filtrate to conserve water and produce concentrated urine

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16
Q

Path of filtrate/tubular fluid flow

A

Bowman’s capsule —>
Proximal convoluted tubule —>
Descending loop of henle —>
Nephron loop of henle —>
Ascending loop of henle—>
Distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

What does the nephron loop of henle consist of?

A

Ascending and descending limbs

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18
Q

Path of urine flow

A

Collecting ducts —>
Papillary ducts —>
Minor and major calyces —>
Renal pelvis —>
Ureter —>
Bladder —>
Urethra

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19
Q

Filtration

A

-only happens in glomerulus
-due to pressure gradient
-hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of capillaries

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20
Q

What is the difference in diameter of the efferent and afferent arteriole?

A

Afferent arteriole has a larger diameter

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21
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

A

-filtrate produced each minute
(180 liters/day)

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22
Q

How much filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

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23
Q

How much urine is excreted each day?

A

1-2 liters

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24
Q

What does glomerular filtration do?

A

Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

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25
What happens when GFR is too high?
Urine output rises which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte depletion
26
What happens when GFR is too low?
Wastes are reabsorbed and can lead to azotemia
27
What is azotemia?
Abnormally high concentrations of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood
28
What is reabsorption?
Movement of solutes from filtrate back into the blood.
29
Where does the majority of reabsorption occur?
Proximal convoluted tubules
30
What does tubular reabsorption do?
Removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood
31
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
-Hormone that regulates water and electrolyte balance in the body (Tells body to hold water) -causes vasoconstriction
32
When is ADH released?
When water conservation is necessary
33
Where is ADH produced and released?
-produced in the hypothalamus -released by the posterior pituitary
34
Where does ADH increase water reabsorption?
In the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
35
When is aldosterone released?
When the body needs to hold sodium
36
What does aldosterone do?
Causes active reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
37
What causes the release of aldosterone?
Renin released by kidney—> decreased blood flow—> stimulates angiotensin II which stimulates release of aldosterone
38
What does atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) do?
Gets rid of sodium in the body which leads to a decrease in water
39
What is antagonistic to aldosterone?
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
40
When and by what is ANH released?
Released by atria in response to increased blood volume
41
What are some characteristics of ANH?
-increases GFR -inhibits renin and aldosterone secretion -inhibits secretion of ADH -inhibits sodium reabsorption by collecting duct
42
Ureter
Carries urine from renal pelvis to bladder
43
Urinary bladder
-Storage organ for urine -smooth muscle
44
Urethra
-carries urine from bladder out of body -longer in males -part of reproductive system in males -women more prone to UTI’s (bc it’s shorter)
45
What is peristalsis in relation to the urinary system?
Causes urine to be propelled throughout the urinary system
46
What does the detrusor muscle do?
Contracts to push urine into urethra
47
How can you strengthen the detrusor muscle?
-Kegel exercises -pelvic floor therapy
48
What is urine composed of?
Nitrogenous wastes, acids, and electrolytes
49
What should NOT be in urine?
-blood cells -protein -glucose -casts -calculi
50
What is normal urine volume?
1-2 liters/day
51
What is polyuria?
Greater than 2 liters/day (Excessive urination)
52
What is oliguria?
Less than 500 mL/day (Lack of urination)
53
What is anuria?
0-100 mL/ day (No urine)
54
What is a kidney stone?
hard deposits of minerals and acid salts that stick together in concentrated urine.
55
How do you treat kidney stones?
-drink lots of water -pass it on your own -shock wave therapy (break it into smaller pieces)
56
What causes elevated creatinine?
-glomerulonephritis -bacterial infection in kidneys -acute tubular necrosis -reduced blood flow to kidney -temporarily increase as result of muscle injury
57
What causes elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen)?
-excessive protein breakdown -significant increased protein in diet -gastrointestinal bleeding (from proteins present in the blood)
58
What is hypervolemia?
Increased fluid in the blood
59
What is hypovolemia?
Decreased fluid in the blood
60
What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
fluid within cells, comprising about two-thirds of the body's total water
61
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Fluid outside of the cells, encompassing both interstitial and intravascular fluids
62
How does water enter the body?
-drink -food -metabolism
63
How does water leave the body?
-urine -lungs (breathing out condensation) -sweat -feces
64
What is sensible water loss?
Water loss you can measure such as urine, feces, vomiting etc.
65
What is insensible water loss?
Loss of water that you cannot measure such as water loss through the skin and lungs through evaporation
66
Problem: low blood pressure, high blood electrolyte concentration How does the body fix this?
1. ADH released by pituitary 2. Sodium & water reabsorbed 3. Creates normal blood volume and pressure (blood volume rises)
67
Problem: low blood sodium level, low blood volume How does the body fix this?
1. Renin, angiotensin I & II released by kidney 2. Aldosterone secreted 3. Sodium & water reabsorbed 4. Creates normal blood volume and pressure (blood volume rises)
68
Problem: high blood volume How does the body fix this?
1. ANH released by atria 2. Sodium & water excreted 3. Creates normal blood volume and pressure (blood volume lowers)
69
Process of dehydration
1. Excessive loss of water from ECF 2. ECF osmotic pressure rises 3. Cells lose water to ECF by osmosis, cells shrink
70
Process of overhydration (water intoxication)
1. Excessive water enters ECF 2. ECF osmotic pressure falls 3. Water moved into cells by osmosis, cells swell (can lead to convulsions, coma, or death)
71
What is edema?
Presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intracellular tissue spaces of the body
72
What are some causes of edema?
-increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure -decrease in capillary osmotic pressure -decreased lymph flow -increased permeability
73
What is hypernatremia?
Elevated sodium in the blood
74
What is hyponatremia?
Decreased sodium in the blood
75
What is hyperkalemia?
Elevated potassium in the blood
76
What is hypokalemia?
Decreased potassium levels in the blood
77
What are some causes of hypernatremia?
-high sodium intake -over-secretion of aldosterone -excessive water loss
78
What are some causes of hyponatremia?
-inadequate diet -extrarenal losses (vomiting, prolonged diarrhea) -large intake of water
79
What can hyperkalemia lead to?
Cardiac symptoms such as conduction abnormalities, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest
80
What can hypokalemia lead to?
-Delayed ventricular depolarization -bradycardia -AV block
81
What are some functions of calcium?
-**primarily in ECF** -muscle contraction -nerve conduction -skeletal growth -blood coagulation -gland secretion
82
What is calcium primarily regulated by?
Parathyroid hormone
83
What are some functions of magnesium?
-**primarily in ICF** -maintains normal nerve and muscle function -heart rhythm -immune system -regulate blood sugar levels -involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis
84
Normal pH range of blood
7.35 - 7.45
85
What happens to pH as hydrogen concentration increases?
pH decreases
86
What happens to pH as hydrogen concentration decreases?
pH increases
87
Acidosis
pH below 7.35
88
Alkalosis
pH above 7.45
89
Respiratory response to metabolic problems
-if pH rises, respiratory rate decreases (causes retention of CO2) -if pH falls, respiratory rate increases (causes excretion of CO2)
90
Urinary response to respiratory problems
-if pH rises, decreased hydrogen secretion into the urine and decreased bicarbonate absorption into blood -if pH falls, increased hydrogen secretion into urine and increased bicarbonate absorption into blood
91
How much of the body’s water is ICF?
About two thirds

A&P 2 Continued (2 decks)

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