Final Lectures Flashcards
Backmasking lyrics research
No participants could identify backwards message or meaning of message. No participants were persuaded in behaviour by backmasking lyrics.
Prarkanis research on subliminal persuasion press
- belief that people are powerless against subliminal persuasion
- belief of untapped ability in unconscious mind that can be used subliminally.
- businesses accused of subliminal persuasion will fail regardless
Best way to get someone to buy something
Market in a standout and obnoxious way
Signal detection theory
Deducts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) skin background noise. Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on:
- experiences
- motivation
- level of fatigue
- expectations
Difference threshold
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, also called just noticeable difference.
-depends on intensity of original stimulus
Ex: two envelopes, one with a dollar and one with 2, easy to tell which has more. But now two boots in each hand and one dollar in one and 2 in other, now hard to tell because Intensity of original stimulus is now greater
Weber’s law
Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different
Cornea
Iris
Lens
First point of entry, clear protective layer
Determines how much light enters the eye using muscles
Flexible, transparent membrane that changes shape depending on what we are looking at
Retina
Pupil
Optic nerve
Contains sense organs responsible for light energy transduction to mind
Where light goes in eye
Collects retina into and transports to brain
Fovea
Point of central focus of eye
Accommodation
The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.
- distant objects=elongated lens
- close objects=shorter and fatter lens
As we age tissues aren’t as flexible and we develop inability to see objects close up
Nearsightedness
Farsightedness
Nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects (fatter shape)
Faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects (longer shape)
Retina process
- Light enters eye triggering photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina
- Chemical reaction in turn activated bipolar cells
- Bipolar cells than activate the ganglion cells, the axons of which converge to form the optic nerve. This nerve transmits information to the visual cortex in the brains occipital lobe
The optic nerve is made up of
Myelinated ganglion axons
Cones vs rods
Number: 6M vs 120M Location in retina: center vs periphery Sensitivity in dim light: low vs high Colour sensitive: yes vs no Detail sensitive: yes. Vs no
Cones are most sensitive to which colours
Yellow and green
Dark adaptation
Hard to see as you move into dark, but vision improves over time. Rods adapt slower but as time goes on they get more and more sensitive to light, within 25-30 min you e completely adapted and see all you can.
Rods are highly sensitive to which colour
Rods have low sensitivity to which colour
Blue
Red
Receptive field
Network of ganglion cells that only respond to certain patterns of light
-provides beginning of interpretation such as where object starts and stops
Center surround receptive field
If you took neuron firing measuring device and nothing is in receptive field then baseline firing. If light is in fields Center then firing rate is rapid.
Herman grid
If you focus on any point, black dots disappear. Perceptual field is being tricked by edges of squares to see nonexistent black dots
Feature detection
Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles and movement. If stimulus is rotated, cells respond less than first orientation.
Shape detection
Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses
Fusiform gyrus
Damage here caused prosopagnosia= form of face blindness where people can’t recognize and see other faces
Gestalt psychology
whole is greater than sum of parts
