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Bio LEC 94 > FINAL MASHUP > Flashcards

FINAL MASHUP Flashcards

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1
Q

A scientific theory

A

is supported by large body of evidence

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2
Q

pattern of evolution

A

1) organism produces organisms
2) species are not static

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3
Q

natural selection is

A
  • process by which individuals with heritable traits tend to produce more offspring
  • differential reproduction genotypes
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

mutation

A

change in the hereditary material of an organism

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6
Q

MAJOR MECHANISM OF ADAPTATIVE EVOLUTION

A

NATURAL SELECTION

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7
Q

4 STEPS IN FORMULATION OF NATURAL SELECTION

A

1) ALL ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
2) POPULATIONS MAINTAIN STABLE SIZES
3) IN THE POPULATION, INDIVIDUALS DIFF. TRAITS INCREASE/ DECREASE SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION
4) THE BEST SUITED TO THE ENVIRONMENT WILL PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING

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8
Q

HOMOLOGIES

A

“SPECIES CHANGE OVER TIME”
1) STRUCTURAL/ MORPHOLOGY
2) DEVELOPMENTAL
3) MOLECULAR/GENETIC
COMMON ANCESTRY

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9
Q

HOMOPLASY

A

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
SIMILARITY IS NOT DUE TO COMMON ANCESTRY BUT DUE TO ADAPTATION TO SAME ENVIRONMENT

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10
Q

EXTANT SPECIES

A

SPECIE THAT HAS NOT GONE EXTINCT

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11
Q

EVOLUTION

A

CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY IN A POPULATION OVER TIME

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12
Q

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE

A

GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES DO NOT CHANGE FROM GENERATION TO GENERATIO

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13
Q

ALLELE FRQUENCIES

A

p+q

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14
Q

GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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15
Q

IS THE ONLY MECHANISM THAT LEADS TO ADAPTATION

A

NATURAL SELECTION

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16
Q

ULTIMATE SOURCE OF GENETIC NOVELTY

A

MUTATION

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17
Q

CAN RESULT IN THE RANDOM LOSS/FIXATION OF ALLELES

A

GENETIC DRIFT

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18
Q

GENETIC DRIFT RESULT FROM TENDENCY THAT MAY BE OFFSET BY _____ BETWEEN POPULATIONS

A

GENE FLOW

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19
Q

DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

A

EXTREMES ARE FAVORED
= HIGH GENETIC VARIATION
—> Fish with intermediate gill rakers cant find food so low/high # gill rakers is favored.

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20
Q

DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

A

ONE EXTREME FAVORED
= LOW GENETIC VARIATION
—> Daphne Major Island finches: ground finches (deeper beaks) survived drougth

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21
Q

STABILIZING SELECTION

A

AVERAGE IS FAVORED
genetic variation decreases
—> medium weight babies tend to survive birth

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22
Q

BALANCING

A

VARIABLE PHENOTYPES
No net change in genetic variation
—> guppies w/ rare color patters: not targeted by predators but not advantagenous when mating.

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23
Q

VIABILITY SELECTION

A

RESULTS FROM DIFFERENCE IS SURVIVAL

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24
Q

HOW DOES N.S & MUTATIONS DRIVE EVOLUTION?

A

MUTATION=NEW ALLELES
N.S=DIFFERENTIAL SUCCESS OF PHENOTYPES

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25
PROCESSES OF EVOLUTION
1) MUTATIONS 2) NATURAL SELECTION 3) GENE FLOW 4) GENETIC DRIFT
26
GENE FLOW IS A CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY DUE TO
MIGRATION BETWEEN ESTABLISHED POPULATIONS THAT RESULTS IN INCREASED GENETIC SIMILARITY BETWEEN THEM
27
GENETIC DRIFT IS
A CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY DUE TO CHANCE 1) RANDOM FUSION GAMETES 2) FOUNDERS EFFECT 3) BOTTLENECKS
28
FOUNDERS EFFECT
A NEW POPULATION IS ESTABLISHED FROM A SMALL # INDIVIDUALS= ALLELE FREQUENCIES DIFFER FROM ORIGINAL POPULATION ( GENETIC DRIFT)
29
POPULATION BOTTLENECKS
POPULATION UNDERGOES DRASTIC REDUCTION IN SIZE DUE TO RANDOM EVENT/ NATURAL DISASTER (GENETIC DRIFT)
30
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SELECTION
CERTAIN ALLELES ARE FAVORED WHEN THEY ARE RARE BUT NOT WHEN THEY ARE COMMON ---> GUPPIES COLORS
31
ADAPTATION IS
SPECIFIC TRAIT THAT HAS EVOLVED BECAUSE IT INCREASES FITNESS OF INDIVIDUALS IN PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT
32
FITNESS IS
THE ABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL TO PRODUCE VIABLE OFFSPRING RELATIVE THE REST OF POPULATION
33
ANAGENESIS
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE WITHIN SINGLE LINEAGE WHERE ONE SPECIES TRANSFORMS INTO ANOTHER OVER TIME WITHOUT BRANCHING (INVOLVES ACCUMULATION OF CHARACTERISTICS)
34
CLADOGENESIS
INCREASES DIVERSITY (# SPECIES) SPLITTING OF LINEAGE INTO MULTIPLE ONES THROUGH GENETIC ISOLATION AND THEN DIVERGENCE
35
WHAT TWO EVENTS MUST HAPPEN FOR SPECIATION TO OCCUR
1) POPULATIONS ISOLATED 2) GENETIC DIVERGENCE OCCURS
36
EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS THAT REDUCE MATING BETWEEN DIVERGING POPULATIONS=
SPECIATION
37
HOW DO WE DEFINE SPECIES
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT "CAN INDIVIDUALS FROM TWO POPULATIONS REPRODUCE TOGETHER?"
38
CAUSES THAT HELP IDENTIFY IF DIFF SPECIES OR NOT
PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION: TEMPORAL, HABITAT, BEHAVIORAL, MECHANICAL, GAMETIC BARRIER, POSTZYGOTIC ISOLATION: HYBRID INVIABILITY, HYBRID STERILITY
39
UNDER THE PHYLOGENIC SPECIES CONCEPT SPECIES ARE DEFINED AS:
SMALLEST MONOPHYLETIC GROUPS ON THE TREE OF LIFE
40
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
CAUSED BY - DISPERSAL: FOUNDERS EFFECT - VICARIANCE: PHYSICAL BARRIER =GENETIC ISOLATION AND DIVERGENCE
41
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
CAUSED BY: - GENETIC ISOLATION: MATING IS NON-RANDOM LEADS TO GENETIC DIVERGENCE
42
PARSIMONY
IN CLADOGRAMS METHOD THAT IMPLIES AS FEW EVOLUTIONARY STEPS AS POSSIBLE
43
4.5 BILLION Y.A
ORIGIN EARTH
44
3.5 BYA
ORIGIN LIFE (ON EARTH)
45
START PRE-CAMBRIAN
542 MYA
46
A MASS EXTINTION EVENT IS
GEOLOGICALLY SUDDEN EXTINCTION EVENT THAT KILLS UNSELECTEVELY
47
PERMIAN EXTINTION
CAMBRIAN-->DEVONIAN--->CARBONIFEROUS---> PERMIAN--->CRETACEOUS - EXTREME GLOBAL WARMING - LOW O2 - ACIDIC OCEANS
48
K/P CRETACEOUS EXTINTION
METERIOD IMPACT CAUSED: - MASSIVE TSUNAMI - FIRES - ACIDIC RAIN - ASH ( AND DARKNESS)
49
WHO FILLED DINO NICHES?
MAMMALS
51
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER MASS EXTINTION?
SURVIVING BIOTA RADIATES TO FORM NEW SPECIES
52
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
RAPID DIVERSIFICATION WITHIN LINEAGE CAUSED BY: ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY: NO COMPETITION
53
CHARACTERISTIC OF LINEAGE THAT HAS UNDERGONE ADAPTATIVE RADIATION:
1) SPECIES INVOLVED FORM MONOPHYLETIC GROUP 2) RAPID SPECIATION 3) ECOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION (NEW RANGE OF NICHES)
54
ANGIOSPERM
FLOWERING PLANT (SEEDS ENCLOSED BY OVARY) HAVE ANIMAL POLLINATOR
55
GYMNOSPERMS
NAKED SEED (NO FLOWER OR FRUIT) RELY ON WIND TO TRANSFER POLLEN
56
NICHE DIFFERENTIATION
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN RESOURCE USE
57
CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT
EVOLUTONARY CHANGE IN SPECIES TRAITS (ALLOWS SPECIES TO EXPLOT DIFFERENT RESOURCES)
58
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
TWO SPECIES CANNOT OCCUPY SAME NICHE SIMULTANEOUSLY
59
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA ARE
THE PROKARYOTES BACTERIA (OUTGROUP) ARCHAEA EUKARYA
60
ALL EXTANT PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
- POSSESS PLASMA MEMBRANE AND RIBOSOMES - HAVE A COMMON SET OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS - USE DNA TO ENCODE PROTEINS
61
UBIQUITY
WIDESPREAD PRESENCE OF ENTITY/PHENOMENON
62
LIVING ORGANISMS NEED HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON FOR ATP (3 WAYS TO OBTAIN THEM ARE)=
- LIGHT ENERGY= PHOTOTROPHS - ORGANIC MOLECULES= CHEMOOGANOTROPHS - INORGANIC MOLECULES=CHEMOLITHOTROPHS
63
LIVING ORGANISMS NEED CARBON FOR COMPLEX COMPOUNDS (2 WAYS TO GET THEM)
- AUTOTROPHS: USE INORGANIC SOURCES (GASES: CH4 AND CO2) - HETEROTROPHS: ABSORB CARBON COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY OTHERS
64
INNOVATIONS OF EUKARYA (2.1 BYA)
MEIOSIS, MITOCHONDRION, NUCLEUS
65
BENEFITS OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS (EUKARYOTE ENGULFED BACTERIA)
PRIMITIVE EUKARYOTE: ATP BACTERIUM: CARBON COMPOUNDS AND PROTECTION
66
BIOREMEDATION
USE OF LIVING ORGANISMS TO DEGRADE POLLUTANTS --->PROKARYOTES USED TO CLEAN UP OIL SPILLS & CHEMICAL SPILLS
67
ENDOSYMBIOSIS (ANCESTRAL PLANTAE & CYANOBACTERIA)
CHLOROPLAST EVOLVED CHLOROPLAST CAN: 1) REPLICATE THROUGH FISSION 2) CIRCULAR DNA 3) EXTANT ENDOSYMBIOTS
68

Bio LEC 94 (4 decks)

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