final mini exam Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What is the superior and inferior attachment for the sternocleidomastoid?
A
- sup: mastoid process
inf: manibrium and clavicle
2
Q
What is the division between the anterior and posterior triangles?
A
*sternocleidomastoid
3
Q
What is the platysma innervated by?
A
- facial nerve
4
Q
What does the platysma attached to?
A
- go through superior fascia and attach to superficial fascia/skin or both and also attached to bone at the other end
- line of mandible
5
Q
What are the causes of a retropharyngeal abcess?
A
- penetrating injury, dental injection, most common cause upper respiratory infection
6
Q
Where is the retropharngeal abcess infection from?
A
*base of skull to mediastinum (bifurcation of the trachea)
7
Q
What can happen if the retropharyngeal abcess ruptures?
A
- go inferior to mediastinum (pericarditis)
- go laterally into corotid sheath ( clot int jugular vein)
- go posterior to vertebral column (dislocation of axis and atlas)
8
Q
The investing fascia surrounds?
A
*trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
9
Q
What is the treatment for a retropharyngeal abcess?
A
- drain (transoral)
- external drainage
- antibiotics
10
Q
What are the signs of a retropharyngeal abcess?
A
*change in voice, difficulty swallowing, swelling in back of throat, lots of upper respiratory infection
11
Q
What can a retropharyngeal abcess get large and do?
A
*compress trachea
12
Q
What is the hyoid hanging by?
A
*supported by muscles and ligaments
13
Q
What is the sternocleidomastoid innervated by?
A
*spinal accessory nerve (11th cranial nerve)
14
Q
What do the suprahyoid muscles do?
A
*elevate hyoid and larynx, depress mandible, contract floor of mouth (during swallowing)
15
Q
What is the suprahyoid muscles innervated by?
A
*V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, VII facial, XII hypoglossal)
16
Q
What do the infrahyoid muscles do?
A
*depress hyoid and larynx
17
Q
What is the infrahyoid innervated by?
A
*ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)
18
Q
What is the biggest salivary gland?
A
*parotid gland
19
Q
What is the parotid gland covered by?
A
*dense fascia
20
Q
What vein buldges with tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamp?
A
- external jugular vein
21
Q
What kind of nerve fibers are in the nerve point of the neck?
A
- sensory fibers
* nerves emerge from deep and go superficial
22
Q
What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
A
*tongue structures
23
Q
What artery has multiple branches?
A
*external carotid artery
24
Q
What artery has no branches?
A
*internal carotid artery
25
What artery delivers blood to the brain?
*vertebral artery
26
What is the carotid body for?
*chemoreceptor for oxygen
27
What do the walls for the carotid sinus contain?
*pressure receptors to monitor BP
28
What is a common spot for atherosclerosis plaque?
*carotid sinus
29
What sound will you here during auscultation in someone with an atherosclerotic plaque?
*bruit sound
30
What does the thyroid gland regulate?
*metabolism, secretes calcitonin (Ca regulation)
31
What are the complications of removing the thyroid gland?
* parathyroid insufficiency
* cut recurrent laryngeal nerve
* ima art
32
What does the parathyroid gland secrete?
* parathyroid hormone (high) for blood Ca levels (increase blood Ca levels)
33
What does the thyroid gland migrate from?
*tissue that becomes posterior tongue
34
What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?
*when thyroglossal duct remains patent and forms a cyst, in midline
35
What does the synovial membrane secrete?
*synovial fluid (for lubrication)
36
What percent of people are missing the acetabular branch?
*20%
37
What supplies the head of the femur with blood?
*acetabular branch
38
What supplies blood to the head and neck of the femur?
*retinacular arteries
39
What is an avascular necrosis?
* bone without blood, aseptic wasting of bone
| * get artificial hip
40
How do you get avascular necrosis?
*break affects retinacular arteries
41
What are the signs of avascular necrosis?
*shorten limb, lateral rotation
42
Where do most breaks occur?
*surgical neck
43
What is a synovial joint and what is inside it?
* surrounded by CT (fibrous capsule)
| * lining inside is synovial membrane
44
What can a dislocated head of the femur cause and how can it happen?
* shorten limb and medial rotation
| * hitting dash in accident
45
What ligament extends the knee?
*anterior cruciate ligament taught
46
What ligament flexes the knee?
* posterior cruciate ligament taught
47
What is a epicondyle?
*places ligaments attach to
48
What do the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments restrict?
* restrict anterior and posterior movement of tibia with respect to femur and allows rotation
49
What is the medial meniscus and what kind of movement does it allow?
* fibrocartilage C shaped
| * movement little on tibial plato (attach by coronary ligaments)
50
What is the medial meniscus attached to?
*tibial collateral ligament
51
Why are the lateral meniscus and fibular collateral ligament not attached?
*popliteal ligament is here
52
What are the signs and treatment of a popliteal aneurysm?
* painless, pulse
| * stent
53
What are the signs of a herniated synovial membrane?
* bursa
| * bakers cyst
54
What is bursa?
*enlargement from extra friction
55
What is a bakers cyst and what are the treatment?
* post buldge (sign), pain increase with extension, or no pain
* drainage
56
How is the anterior cruciate ligament damaged?
*lateral impact to knee, forceful abduction of leg
57
What are the signs of a torn anterior cruciate ligament?
* anterior drawer sign
* unhappy triad (pop feel, torn ACL, medial collateral ligament rupture, meniscus tear)
* knee tender at MCL, knee swelling
58
What tear is more rare?
*posterior cruciate ligament
59
How is the PCL torn?
*hard impact to knee when fully flexed
60
What are the signs of a torn PCL?
*posterior drawer sign
61
What gland can develop a tumor?
*parotid gland
62
What does the epicranial aponeurosis glide on?
*guides on loose CT
63
What is the motor innervation of the facial muscles?
*facial nerve
64
Where does the facial bone emerge?
*Fallopian canal tunnels through bone of skull
65
What is Bell's palsy, signs and treatment?
* viral infection (cause facial nerve to swell and impacts function of nerve)
* unilateral, paralysis of facial nerve, dropping of corner of mouth
* lots of tearing, can't blink completely, can't close eye
* sudden onset, bad in 24-48 hrs, couple of wk (3-6) months all gone
* antiinflammatory, and antiviral
66
What is the most powerful crushing muscle?
*masseter
67
What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
*trigeminal nerve, 5th cranial nerve
68
What are the muscles of mastication?
*temporalis, masseter, medial/lateral pterygoid
69
What divides into sup and inferior labial arteries?
*facial artery
70
What is the terminal branch of the facial artery?
*angular artery
71
What kind of pain is trigeminal neuralgia and where is it found more in?
* electrical pain (shocking and brief)
* unilateral, in people over 50yrs
* more in women
* felt in maxillary and mandibular nerve
72
What is trigeminal neuralgia triggered/caused by?
* normal sensations (shaving)
| * compression of vessel by root of trigeminal nerve
73
What are the treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?
*anticonvulsants (inhibit firing of nerves), surgical decompression of nerve (insert pad between art and nerve)
74
What innervates the back of the head?
*C1-C3
75
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
*opthalmic nerve, maxillary, mandibular
76
Where does the middle meningeal artery go?
*through foramen spinosum (passes through pterion and can get injured)
77
What is an injured middle meningeal artery called?
*epidural hematoma
78
What is the posterior border of the middle cranial fossa?
*petris
79
Where does the pituitary gland at?
* turkish saddle
| * cavernous venosus here
80
What is the dural venous sinus?
*split dura matter in 2 layers and blood runs through
81
What contains stem cells for bone?
*periosteum
82
Why can no infection go to the top of the skull?
*epicranial aponeurosis and fascia of temporalis are stitched together
83
Why can infection go to the scalp?
*anterior frontal bellies attach to skin (so infect can go to upper eyelid)
84
Why do scalp injuries bleed so much when injured?
* holds branches of internal/external carotid artery
| * anastomatic network
85
What happens when the scalp gets hit/hurt?
* scalp gaps when hit (opens vessels up even more, more bleeding)
* infection can spread all way across top of head
86
What do arachnoid granulation do?
*reabsorb CSF and bring it back to blood
87
What collects blood from the brain and meninges?
*inferior sagittal sinus
88
What runs between the scalp and superior sagittal sinus?
*emissary vein
89
What happens if you have an infection in emissary vein?
* keep scalp open
| * direct link to brain (meningitis and brain abcesses)
90
What drains into the cavernous sinus?
*superior ophthalmic vein
91
Where does the carotid art go through?
*cavernous sinus
92
What is a straight shot into the brain?
*internal vertebral venous plexus
93
What join to form the basilar artery?
*vertebral artery
94
What becomes the middle cerebro artery?
*internal carotid artery
95
What is in the cerebro arterial circle?
* posterior cerebral artery
* posterior communicating artery
* anterior cerebral artery
* anterior communicating artery
96
What is a basal skull fracture, signs, and treatment and what can it develop?
* hard enough impact (car accident)
* dura matter tears and arachnoid can tear too, crack in skull
* CSF rhinorrhea (runny nose)
* can develop arteriovenous fistula (pulsating exophthalmos (buldging eye))
* risk of meningitis and brain abcesses
* heal spontaneous, surgically patech
97
What is involved in an arteriovenous fistula?
*interior carotid artery and cavernous sinus
98
What is the danger triangle of the face drained by?
*facial vein
99
What can a change in pressure in the danger triangle of the face cause?
*blood to go to cavernous sinus
100
Where is a common place of a Berry aneurysm to occur?
*cerebral arterial circle
