Mini Exam 1 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
varicosities =
A
*varicose veins
2
Q
varicosities are what type of feedback?
A
- positive feedback
3
Q
What is an arterial anastomosis?
A
*connection between 2 arteries or between 2 parts of the GI track
4
Q
Where are arterial anastomosis typically found?
A
*around joints and in the gut
5
Q
What is an acquired arterial anastomosis and what do we say?
A
- loss of blood flow, collateral circulation has developed
6
Q
Where does a collateral circulation never develop?
A
*kidney (end artery)
7
Q
what is an end artery?
A
*where no collateral circulation has developed
8
Q
Where is surgical arterial anastomosis seen?
A
*2 parts of GI tract
9
Q
What maintains homeostasis and coordinates activities?
A
*nervous system
10
Q
What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS called?
A
*nuclei
11
Q
What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS called?
A
*ganglia
12
Q
What system receives sensory info (mostly from the outside)?
A
*PNS
13
Q
What system integrates/ processes information from the PNS, and forms a motor output (sends back to PNS)?
A
*CNS
14
Q
Spinal nerves are found where? Except?
A
- all over body
* except abdominal pelvic cavity
15
Q
What pathway is largely carried on spinal nerves?
A
*sympathetic pathway
16
Q
What is the sensory division also called?
A
*afferent information
17
Q
What is the motor division also called?
A
*efferents
18
Q
The visceral sensory division is for what type of pain?
A
*dull and poorly localized
19
Q
Are you aware or not aware of the visceral sensory division?
A
- not aware, unless there is a big problem
* autonomic
20
Q
Are you aware or not aware of the somatic sensory division?
A
*aware (sight, hearing) and not aware of (joint position, proprioception)
21
Q
What is proprioception and what division is it associated with?
A
- brain understands tension on muscles and tendon
* somatic sensory division
22
Q
What is the flight of fight division?
A
*sympathetic division
23
Q
What division is for rest and digest?
A
*parasympathetic division
24
Q
What does the visceral motor division adjust?
A
- homeostasis to environment
25
What does the visceral motor division innervate?
*cardiac/ smooth muscles and glands
26
Is the visceral motor division autonomic or voluntary?
*autonomic, involuntary
27
What are the effectors for the somatic motor division?
*skeletal muscles (voluntary)
28
What is a spinal nerve?
*when everything (posterior parts and anterior parts) connect
29
What happens during vasodilation?
*fewer inputs, tends to relax
30
Where are most of the dual innervated organs found?
*in the abdominal pelvic cavity
31
What is the postural muscles?
*slow twitch muscles, lots of myoglobin and mitochondria, don't fatigue easily
32
What is a spinal segment?
* part of spinal cord to which all sensory fibers project and from which all motor fibers project of a single spinal nerve
33
Where does the posterior ramus innervate to?
* motor innervations of deep back muscles
* sensory innervations to zygopophysial joints (limit and allow motion)
* sensory inn to skin
34
What do zygopophysical joints prone to?
*growths of bone (osteophytes)
35
What is the superficial layer of the back innervated by?
*anterior ramus
36
What is the superficial layer of the back for?
*move and stabilize upper limb
37
What is the intermediate layer of the back innervated by?
*posterior ramus
38
What is the intermediate layer of the back for?
*thin muscles, there for proprioception
39
What is the deep layer of the back innervated by?
*post ramus
40
What is the deep layer of the back for?
*move and stabilize vertebral column and minor muscles too (for proprioception)
41
Most muscles that move the back are innervated by?
*post ramus
42
What is dematomes?
*cut skin
43
What is the lateral attachment (LA) and medical attachment (MA)of the rhomboid?
* LA: medial border of scapulae
| * MA: spinous process
44
What is the MA and LA of the latissimus dorsi?
* MA: thoracolumbar fascia and spinous process
| * LA: proximal humerous
45
what does auscultation mean?
*listening to body sounds
46
What is the medial inferior, and lateral border of the triangle of auscultation?
* M: trapezius
* L: rhomboid major
* I: latissimus dorsi
47
What is the floor and roof of the triangle of auscultation?
* floor: deep side (thoracolumbar fascia)
| * roof: superficial fascia (fat)
48
What is the MA and LA and BS of the serratus posterior superior?
* MA: spinous process
* LA: angles of ribs
* BS: dorsal scapula artery and intercostal nerve
49
What is the LA and MA and BS of the serratus posterior inferior?
* LA: angles of the rib
* MA: spinous process and thoracolumbar fascia
* BS: branches of post. intercostal artery, intercostal nerve
50
What is the MA and LA and blood supply (BS) for the splenius and is innervated by?
* MA: spinous process
* SA: transverse process and skull
* BS: occipital artery
* innervation: dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
51
What is the function of the splenius?
*extend neck, rotate head (unilaterally)
52
What is the LA (superficial attachment) and MA (inferior attachment) and BS and innervation of the semispinalis capitis?
* SA: skull and spinous process
* IA: transverse process
* BS: deep and cervical artery
* innervation: post ramus of spinal nerve
53
What is the function of the semispinalis capitis?
*extend neck
54
What is the SA (LA), IA (MA), and BS and innervation of the erector spinae?
* SA: angles of ribs, spinous and transverse process, and occipital lobe
* BS: post intercostal artery
* inn: post ramus
* IA: thoracolumnar fascia (sacrum iliac crest and spinous process)
55
What is the function of the erector spinae?
*extension of vertebral column
56
What is the function of the serratus anterior?
*abducts scapula
57
What is the function of the rhomboids?
*adducts scapula
58
What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?
*abducts, rotates, and flexes head
59
What is the function of the splenius?
*extends and rotates head
60
What is the function of the external and internal abdominal oblique?
*compresses abdominal wall, laterally rotates trunk
61
What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?
*extends and abducts vertebral column
62
What is the function of the adductor longus?
*adducts, flexes and laterally rotates thigh
63
What is the function of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius?
*abducts and medially rotates thigh
64
What is the function of the rhomboid?
* elevate and retract scapulae
| * rotate scapulae
65
What is the BS for the Rhomboids?
*dorsal scap artery and nerve
66
What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?
*extend upper limb
67
What is the BS for the latissimus dorsi?
*thorical dorsal artery and nerve
68
What is the function of the levator scapulae?
*elevate scapulae
69
What is the BS for the levator scapulae?
*dorsal scapulae artery
70
What is the LA for the trapezius?
*spine of scapulae
71
What is the function of the trapezius?
*elevate and retract/ stabilize scapulae
72
What covers the entire erector spinae?
*thoracolumbar fascia
73
Why is there blood vessels supplying the vasa nervorum?
*nerve is very metabolically active
74
What is the enoneurium made of?
*connective tissue
75
How are the fibers of the symp arranged and what are the neurotransmitters?
* short, then long
| * ACh then NE
76
How are the fibers of the para arranged?
*long then short
77
Where is the presynaptic gap in on the symp fiber?
*occurs in a ganglion (paravertebral and preaortic)
78
Where is the pre synaptic gap in on the para fibers?
*near/ in target organ
79
What fiber is myelinated?
*preganglionic symp neuron
80
The somatic motor fiber is arranged how and what are its neurotransmitters?
* one long one
| * ACh
81
What type of neurotransmitters do sweat glands use?
*ACh
82
What is the ratio of neurons in the symp and parasymp?
* symp 1:15
| * parasymp 1:1-2
83
Where can post ganglionic fibers go?
*everywhere in the body (go up chain, or down, or stay and synapse)
84
What is in the lateral horn?
*cell bodies
85
Where do symp fibers originate from?
*Spinal segments T1-L2`
86
What is missing above T1 and below L2?
* white ramus
87
What is the pathway for the sympathetic motor neuron and what are its target organs?
* spinal nerve pathway
| * peripheral vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles
88
Where do the parasympathetic motor neurons (cranial sacral division) originate from?
* cranial nerve nuclei of 3,7,9,10
| * spinal segments S2-S4
89
What are the pathways for the parasympathetic motor neurons?
* cranial nerves 3,7,9,10
| * pelvic splanchnic nerves
90
What are dermatomes for?
*can be used to tell if there is a problem in CNS or spinal nerves
91
What is an innervation of a single spinal nerve?
*dermatomes
92
pain caused by ______ is felt in the skin?
*viscera
93
What is referred pain?
*visceral pain felt in the skin
94
Why is visceral pain felt in the skin?
*because visceral and somatic pain project to the same spinal segment
95
What is a condyle?
*rounded articular area
96
What is a crest?
*ridge of bone
97
What is an epicondyle?
*eminence superior to a condyle
98
What is a facet?
*smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
99
What is a foramen?
*passage through a bone
100
What is a fossa?
*hollow or depressed area
101
What is a line (linea)?
*linear elevation
102
What is a malleolus?
*rounded prominence
103
What is a notch?
*indentation at the edge of a bone
104
What is a process?
*projecting spine-like part
105
What is a protuberance?
*projection of bone
106
What is a spine?
*thorn-like process
107
What is a trochanter?
*large, blunt elevation
108
What is a tubercle?
*small, raised eminence
109
What is a tuberosity?
*large, rounded elevation
110
What is hypertrophy?
*enlargement
111
What is atrophy?
*decrease in size
112
What is secondary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes?
*lymphangitis, lymphadenitis
