FINAL MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards

Question

Redox reaction

Answer 1

Look at list for acids and bases

Answer 2

E = mc^2; N/Z = 1 (Stable) and > 1 is unstable; NSF > EF

Answer 3

Charge * Distance

Answer 4

Incident energy + KE of photon

Answer 5

Kcat/Km; Kcat = Vmax/Et

Answer 6

Number of sigma bonds + number of lone pairs

Answer 7

Kcat; the number of times each enzyme site converts substrate to product per unit time.

Answer 8

Abnormally slow heart action

Answer 9

Genetic alteration of a cell from incorporating outside DNA

Answer 10

Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another.

Answer 11

Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor. F+ and F- OR Ff and F- Viable or not-viable is do not count

Answer 12

When an extreme phenotype is favored over another

Answer 13

Type of natural selection in which population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value.

Answer 14

Extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.

Answer 15

Non-sex diseases; Non-viable humans need at least one and chromosome in order to survive

Answer 16

Klinefelter Turner Poly-Y

Answer 17

1. Form tight crystalline structure | 2. Increase rigidity of cell membrane

Answer 18

A contraction initiated by the myocyte itself instead of an outside occurrence or stimulus, such as nerve innervation

Answer 19

Yellow - Fat storage (energy storage) and Red - Red blood cells

Answer 20

Pyloric - Stomach to duodenum | Cardiac - Esophagus to stomach

Answer 21

Esophagus, small, and large intestine; water-soluble vitamins, small stuff, and NOT leukocytes, polysaccharides, plasma proteins, and too large stuff. Amino acids and monosaccharides can pass because they can pass.

Answer 22

Sinoatrial (SA) node -> Atrioventrial (AV) node -> His bundles -> Purkinje fibers

Answer 23

One of the series of long loops of thin-walled blood vessels (efferent arterioles) that dip down alongside the loop of Henle in the vertebrate kidney. They pass blood into the inter-lumbar vein and then into the renal vein.

Answer 24

Universal donors - O+ - rh antigen - Only + blood group transfer O- no rh antigen - only + and - blood groups

Answer 25

Active - Production of Ab by the body itself and the subsequent development of memory cells. Also, Natural is from pathogen exposure and passive is from attenuated vaccine Passive - Acquisition of Ab from another source and hence memory cells are not developed. Natural (receive from another organism) and artificial (manufactured ab via external delivery)

Answer 26

Class of enzymes that work throughout the body - Basic

Answer 27

Promote water retention in the body

Answer 28

ADH, Glucagon, and insulin

Answer 29

LH Hormone - LH surge peaks prior to ovulation and triggers ovulation and menstruation - low levels of estrogen and progesterone

Answer 30

Zygote -> Cleavage -> Morula -> Blastrulation -> Gastrulation -> Neurulation

Answer 31

Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and endocytosis and out is exocytosis

Answer 32

ADH - Collecting duct while Aldosterone - collecting duct and tubules

Answer 33

Plant organs which resemble one another with regard to their external appearance and function but differ in their origin and true morphological nature (anatomy) are called analogous, and the study of these organs is called an analogy. Organs are said to be homologous which in their structure and function differ from one another but have a similar morphological origin (anatomy) and the study of these organs is called homology. True homologous organs are those which differ in appearance and function but morphologically of similar origin and structure, e.g. foliage leaves and scale leaves are homologous organs.

Answer 34

When a female can develop a new individual without fertilization occurring. Bacteria have no male/female.

Answer 35

Virus - circular or linear ssDNA Bacteria - Circular dsDNA Humans - Linear dsDNA

Answer 36

Spermatogonium -> (mitosis) -> Primary spermatocyte -> (meiosis I) -> Secondary spermatocyte -> Finish meiosis 2 -> Spermatids

Answer 37

Learn their structures Acetoacetate has a ketone reduced to get 2-hydroxybutyrate

Answer 38

Respiratory alkalosis - high pH, low Co2, and acidosis is the opposite fetal hb - higher affinity for oxygen than myoglobin and adult hb Myoglobin - No quarternary and so no subunits and no cooperativity

Answer 39

Recombination is the exchange of genetic material or swapping RNA polymerase - can initiate the synthesis of polynucleic strands and DNA polymerase, ligase, or reverse transcriptase CANNOT

Answer 40

hnRNA - heterogenous nuclear RNA or pre-mRNA RNA poly 1 - makes rRNA (nucleolus) RNA poly 3 - RNA and tRNA (processed in the cytoplasm) Start codon - AUG Stop codon - UGA, UAA, UAG

Answer 41

Glucose can alternate between its alpha and beta anomers (isomers that differ only at the anomeric carbon). This process results in the specific rotation of a compound.

Answer 42

CTP and glycogen are energy sources that are most necessary when a tissue is highly metabolically active. Active skeletal muscle is the most metabolically active.

Answer 43

Ghrelin - Increases hunger and Leptin - decreases hunger

Answer 44

ATP hydrolysis delta G is not affected by pH

Answer 45

Acts as part of the metabolic pathway, a cholesterol production process occurring in the liver

Answer 46

Ketolysis - Breakdown of ketone bodies to yield energy - occurs in brain, skeletal, and cardiac BUT NOT LIVER (lacks the enzymes) Fatty acid synthesized by the body - Palmitic acid NOT synthesized - Linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid

Answer 47

PRODUCED BY CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND BETA-OXIDATION, and other relevant stuff

Answer 48

Complex 1 - 4 Complx 2 - 0 Complex 3 - 3 (4) Complex 4 - 2

Answer 49

Location - all bodily tissues, red blood cells, brain blood vessels, and fetal tissues Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity), galactose and NOT FRUCTOSE

Answer 50

Location - all bodily tissues, liver, kidney, pancreas, and small intestine Transport - Glucose (not as strong as GLUT 1 but strongest affinity when in excess), galactose, and FRUCTOSE

Answer 51

Location - all bodily tissues, brain, placenta, and testes, and major transporter for neurons and nerve cells Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity), galactose and NOT FRUCTOSE

Answer 52

Location - all bodily tissues, cardiac muscle, skeletal system, and adipocyte cells Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity)

Answer 53

Cotransporter molecule Location - all bodily tissues, intestinal mucosa and kidneys Transport - one molecule of Glucose/galactose, two sodium ions, and NOT FRUCTOSE

Answer 54

Can make a strand non-translatable

Answer 55

Protein walking

Answer 56

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites: EcoRI - 5'-GAATTC-3' E. coli BamHI - 5'-GGATCC-3' Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HindIII - 5'-AAGCTT-3' Haemophilus influenzae SmaI - 5'-CCCGGG-3' Serratia marcescens SacI - 5'-GAGCTC-3' Streptomyces achromogenes DON'T FORGET THEIR COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS

Answer 57

Major acid produced by the body - stomach

Answer 58

Mass per acidic proton. So do the total mass and divide by the total number of protons

Answer 59

Low pressure, high temperature, and weakest IMF

Answer 60

No of moles of solute/Kg of solvent

Answer 61

NO2- and NO3-

Answer 62

Look at the reactant enthalpy and the product's. If E of product is higher then exothermic and vice versa. What about the difference method?

Answer 63

Gas -> solid

Answer 64

Temperature - increased K Amphoteric - base and acid Separation - Serial extractions are better than single ones Anhydrides - can be formed from two carboxylic acids

Answer 65

Keto form is much more stable than the enol form, with the exception of special circumstances, such as cases in which formation of the enol confers aromaticity of the molecule

Answer 66

Ortho - next Meta - one space Para - Opposite or two spaces Acetals and Ketals - Acids Hemiacetals and hemiketals - Alcohols

Answer 67

sp3 - 25% and 75 % sp2 - 33% and 67% sp - 50% and 50% LUMO - Lowest unoccupied Molecular Orbital HOMO - Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital

Answer 68

IR signal - Symmetrical removes it Portion submerged - specific gravity Volume displaced of water - Mass displaced - Buoyant force Av1 = Av2 (remember effects) Dispersion is spreading out and NOT INTERRFERENCE THAT COMBINES (reflection)

Answer 69

For it to occur, the light must be travelling from a high index of refraction to a low index and remember the calculation Increased frequency and smallest wavelength is the greatest bend Attack current to minimize power transmission lines Electric field sum as vectors. Field lines point outward from positive charges and in towards negative charges. At the point exactly midway between two positive charges will be equal in magnitude and direction.

Answer 70

It states that objects displace their weight in water. As long as objects are floating, they displace enough water to support their mass. By turning solid into liquid, the mass of water does not change so the cube will keep displacing the same amount of water

Answer 71

Area * velocity; Output/Input * 100

Answer 72

1. Larger absolute difference threshold than lighter weight | 2. Relative ratio between the difference thresholds of light vs. a heavy weight would be equal to Weber's law

Answer 73

Low temperature - Unsaturated and steroids - increased fluidity High temperature - Unsaturated and decreased steroids - increased fluidity

Answer 74

``` Chlorates Acetates Sulfates Halides Group 1 Ammonium ```

Answer 75

Unicellular and simple eukaryotes

Answer 76

Gram +ve = Thick cell wall and no external membrane | Gram -ve = Thin cell wall and external membrane