GAMMA FINAL MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards
(101 cards)
Autobiographical Memory
Autobiographical memory: Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic and semantic memory. It is thus a type of explicit memory.
False memory
A false memory is a mental experience that is mistakenly taken to be a veridical representation of an event from one’s personal past. Memories can be false in relatively minor ways (e.g., believing one last saw the keys in the kitchen when they were in the living room) and in major ways that have profound implications for oneself and others (e.g., mistakenly believing one is the originator of an idea or that one was sexually abused as a child).” It is characterized by high confidence in response and it is observed in both real world and laboratory settings.
Agnosia
Agnosia - inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage. Inability to process information that comes in.
Source monitoring
Source monitoring – is a type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience.
Source amnesia
Source amnesia - is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. This branch of amnesia is associated with the malfunctioning of one’s explicit memory.
Secure Attachment
Secure attachment – seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing that he or she has a secret base to return to. Child trusts that the caregiver will be there for comfort and while the child can be comforted by a stranger, he or she will clearly prefer the caregiver
Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant attachment – occurs when a caregiver has little to no response to a distressed child. The child will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver. The child will show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the caregiver returns
Ambivalent attachment
Ambivalent attachment – - occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress sometimes responding appropriately and sometimes neglectfully
- the child will be very distressed on separation from the caregiver but has a mixed response when the caregiver returns often displaying ambivalence
- associated with “anxious- ambivalent attachment” b/c the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
Disorganized Attachment
Disorganized attachment - show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors
- often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
- may be a red flag for abuse
Framing
Framing is like saying “the cup is half empty” vs “the cup is half full”. The way a problem is presented to you influences the way you respond to it and influences the solution/decision you make.
Priming
Priming is when someone is exposed to stimuli related to each other in a particular way, such that future responses by the person is in line with the theme of the priming stimuli. For example, if I tell you to think of the following objects: pillow, sheets, blanket and then tell you to give me any 3-letter word that starts with the letter “b”, it’s highly likely that you will respond with “bed” because I primed you with objects related to a bed before asking you that question.
Shaping
It is a method of forming a behavior.
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is on a micro level (by George Herbert Mead and Max Weber..? I think?). We define certain things and associate those things/objects with meanings like social constructionism, but in a smaller setting.
There are 3 conditions:
i. Actions are derived from meanings. (Hey look an apple, I want to pick it up and eat it because I am hungry.)
ii. We have our own meanings and these meanings can be different for others. (Apple = “yummy” for person 1 and apple = “allergic reaction, stay away” for person 2)
iii. We can change our meanings. (That apple was old and icky, I am traumatized now and will be more wary of eating apples in the future.)
Symbolic interactionism deals with more social settings and interpersonal interactions. Another example not using objects just incase you don’t like apples could be a guy asking a girl to get a cup of coffee. The girl says no.
For the guy, it may mean, ‘I wanted to get coffee with her and get to know her. Her saying no maybe means she’s not into me.’
But for the girl it may mean, ‘No, because I don’t like coffee.’
I think this also deals with attribution theories here and I don’t know if that’s fine..but the main point is one action means one thing to one person and that same action means something different to another person.
Social Cognitive Theory
Social cognitive theory which relates to learning through observing and learning by seeing others in which the answer was directly facing me. Social cognitive theory is based on the principle of reciprocal determinism, where cognitive factors (self efficacy, locus of control), behavior, and environmental (includes observational learning) all influence each other.
Intersectionality
It calls attention to how identity categories like race, ethnicity, age, gender, or sexual orientation intersect in systems of social stratification.
Tools
a. CT scan – X-ray
b. MRI – Radio waves
c. PET – Radioactive glucose (CAT + MRI)
d. fMRI – MRI + Oxygen levels and blood flow
e. EEG -Electric field to give waves, no image
f. MEG – Magnetic field produced by electric currents , measured in squids and needs shielding.
Evolution Psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection. I think the trick here will be to look at answers that reflect an adaption for the benefit of human beings. In this case, fatty foods are because they produce a high amount of energy compared to others.
Universal Emotions
Fear Anger Surprise Disgust Happiness Sadness
Place Theory
It posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlear’s basilar membrane and as such is a concept of auditory system
Accommodation
Accommodation is a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Accommodation: In medicine, the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects (and vice versa). This process is achieved by the lens changing its shape. Accommodation is the adjustment of the optics of the eye to keep an object in focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies.
InterPosition
Interposition occurs in instances where one object overlaps the other, which causes us to perceive depth.
Parallel processing
In psychology, parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. Parallel processing is a part of vision in that the brain divides what it sees into four components: color, motion, shape, and depth.
Curvilinear Relationship
Curvilinear Relationship is a type of relationship between two variables where as one variable increases, so does the other variable, but only up to a certain point, after which, as one variable continues to increase, the other decreases.
Counterbalancing
Counterbalancing, according to AAMC, is a method to control for any effect that the order of presenting a stimuli might have on the dependent variable.
