Final - New Lectures Flashcards

Question

explain the study that investigated the implicit and explicit race attitudes (towards black, white and Chinese people) among children growing up in Cameroon

Answer 1

sample: 30 participants from the following age ranges --> 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-18, and 18-30 design: implicit attitudes were measured using an adapted IAT and explicit attitudes were measured by preferences for own-race vs other-race people in a variety of scenarios - from 3-6y, there was an implicit in-group bias, shifted from 6-9 to an outgroup bias implicitly (maybe bc go to school and exposed to larger cultural messages)

Answer 2

- probs due to heterosexual attraction

Answer 3

- girls as young as 6 less likely vs boys to report girls are "really, really smart" - beliefs predicted less interest in activities believed to be for rly smart ppl

Answer 4

found that the gender bias in the draw a scientist task is decreasing over time but not substantially (percentage of male scientists drawn throughout years across all kids is decreasing and is more true for girls than for boys --theyre equally likely) for girls, the rate of drawing a male scientist also increases with age (within a year, older girls are more likely than younger girls to draw a male scientist)

Answer 5

- 5-6yo and 7-8yo (white) - manipulated whether person reading story to child was black (outgroup) or white (ingroup) - measured childrens reconciliation skills (ability to accept that others' judgments that differ from their own are valid) 5-6yo thought that both black and white readers would have more positive attitudes towards white people while 7-8yo thought the black and white readers would prefer their racial ingroup and this was particularly true for kids with higher reconciliation skills the storybook intervention had no effect on children's own racial attitudes (story featuring cross-race friendship)

Answer 6

- mostly assumed reader shared their own racial prejudices - young kids may not possess cognitive structure to engage w anti bias perspective - one hurdle for effective interventions for kids is to understand and appreciate what cognitive skills are needed for a message to be effective

Answer 7

another way of getting at ways of looking at psychological processes that are less worried about faking or social desirability

Answer 8

localization doesn't get you very far --> they'll connect it to other pieces of literature to get a more cohesive model to learn about how the mind interacts with the world (how the brain works)

Answer 9

timing of various psychological processes that is not possible using either self-report or even measures like the IAT Even the IAT, or very fast self-report, still requires some time for completing a behavioral response (e.g., pressing a computer key). Neuroscience approaches can then bypass these delays and reveal the true time course of various processes.

Answer 10

- white Ps passively viewed images of Black and White people - some categorized based on gender, others on race - ERPs tracked during judgement process - differences in processing of race within 100 milliseconds and gender within 200 milliseconds

Answer 11

- no point trying to change categorization bc it's not rly under our control - instead of focusing on activation, focus on application! (like design vs individual problem focus for reducing discrimination)

Answer 12

platform for large-scale, automatic synthesis of fMRI data takes thousands of published articles reporting the results of fMRI studies, chews on them for abt and spit them out with brain pics/activations can use to look at connections btw various psychological processes based on what happens in brain

Answer 13

- N200 has been ass w response selection and conflict processes bc originates in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (2nd peak of ERP) - typical finding of larger N200 response to ingroup targets in race categorization tasks may reflect response conflict associated with making an ingroup classification

Answer 14

- cognitive perspective from Allport - not something specific ab way you think ab social worlds; taking tools from other parts of life and applying them in social world

Answer 15

- stereotypes: grouping based on trait - prejudice: connecting person w pos or neg - Ps saw 2 faces (2W, 2B, 1W1B; analyses focused on mixed trials) - in some blocks made stereotypical judgement (who is more athletic), in other blocks made prejudicial judgment (who do you want to befriend) - did task in fMRI scanner, then did 2 IATs (one ab attitudes pos/neg, one ab mental/physical stereotypes) - one brain region more activated during friendship trials - diff region more activated during trait trials - During ‘friendship’ trials, activation in the left temporal pole was more associated with evaluative IAT scores (good-bad). - During ‘athletic’ trials, activation in the left temporal pole was more associated with stereotype IAT scores (mental-physical). **so left temporal pole is what's needed to retrieve the relevant association you have and apply it to a context

Answer 16

- task very similar to the previous study but w key diff: Ps given option to indicate they had “no gut feeling” and could opt out of making the judgment - in lab studies, Ps more likely to opt out of mixed race trials (esp when judgment was ab stereotypical traits) - fMRi study found greater activation in DLPFC for cross-race trials (even when P opted out); SO more activation when clear you could be indicating a racial preference (esp true when judgments were stereotype-relevant)

Answer 17

where people high in motivation to not appear prejudiced work hard to avoid cross-racial comparisons

Answer 18

[This region] is implicated in self-conscious emotions that plays a central role in the regulation of behaviors and judgments governed by strong social and moral norms… The implication of these regions in cross-race decisions offers support for our account that the fear of appearing biased evoked by such situations leads to conflict, greater reflection and a resulting tendency to opt out.

Answer 19

- testing whether people rely more on similarity or group structure when evaluating new people as potential group members - Ps indicated belief ab policy issues - learned ab beliefs of 3 other targets, had to align w one target by siding w them on unknown policy position - latent structure of ppl's preferences made it more or less easy to form group w one of targets (B) - as distractor (C) becomes more similar to P/Target B, preferences for target B increase - This design can help tease apart “dyadic similarity” (all that matters is similarity to me, so A and B are equal) versus “latent structure” (using the behavior of others to infer a consensus or group structure).

Answer 20

fMRI analyses found that greater use of this “latent structure” (the more reliant you are to determine your judgment based on the presence of C) approach was more strongly associated with activity in the right anterior insula. - this brain region key to more general structural learning tasks (non-social) - brain region is not specific to group structure learning --> using the skill and applying it to social world about who's more similar to me **seems like way we think ab other ppl is highly similar to way we think in general!!!

Answer 21

- future direction for intergroup neuroscience - cap tracks info through phone instead of traditional lab work (EEG cap)

Answer 22

- future direction for intergroup neuroscience - hook multiple people up and measure the degree to which they sync up together (for team building and student learning - works better when more similarly activated)

Final - New Lectures Flashcards

(47 cards)