Midterm 1 - Lectures Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Intergroup relations definition
A
- any aspect of human interaction that involves indiv. perceiving themselves as members of a social category, or being perceived by others as belonging to a social category
2
Q
Link these to the 3 terms below: cognition, behaviour, affect
- Prejudice
- Stereotypes
- Discrimination
A
Prejudice - Affect
Stereotypes - Cognition
Discrimination - Behaviour
3
Q
Prejudice
A
- attitudes toward ppl based solely on group
- can be overt or hidden
- can be pos or neg
4
Q
Stereotypes (+3 key aspects)
A
- beliefs ab group of ppl (sometimes totally made up, sometimes exaggeration of truth)
- cognitive process! (generalization)
- 3 key aspects: shared cultural belief, accuracy, descriptive and prescriptive
5
Q
3 key aspects of stereotypes
A
- Shared, cultural belief: not all have to agree but all are aware of belief
- Accuracy: based in lived perceptions
- Descriptive and prescriptive: how they are and should be
6
Q
Discrimination (+4 levels)
A
- behaviours directed at ppl based on group membership
- interpersonal, organizational, institutional, cultural
7
Q
4 levels at which intergroup relations operate
A
- Systems & Institutions
- Groups & Organizations
- Interpersonal Interactions
- Individual Minds
**levels are mutually constitutive//influence each other
8
Q
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
A
- US federal law passed by Clinton
- defined marriage as union between one man and one woman
- example of institutional discrimination
9
Q
Crack Cocaine offenders in US
A
- need way less crack cocaine to go to prison (5g vs 500g)
- crack users disproportionately Black
- policy that was discriminatory to Black Americans! (institutional discrimination)
10
Q
Organizational discrimination examples
A
- glass elevator for promotions
- dreadlocks banned from a school
11
Q
Bicycle thief example
A
- ppl ignored white man trying to steal bike but approached Black man and called police
- example of interpersonal discrimination
12
Q
Cultural Capital
A
- social assets of a person that promote social mobility
- ex resume screening algorithms that pick Jareds who played lacrosse
13
Q
Social Capital
A
- value obtained from interpersonal relationships and social networks
- ex PhDs in economics from Harvard and MIT stay there; little upward mobility from bottom schools
14
Q
Motherhood wage gap
A
- women’s wages go down after having a kid, men’s don’t
Contributors: - Individual: boss might think mom less committed to career
- Interpersonal: moms perceived less competent and offered lower starting salary or passed over in promotions
- Cultural norms: moms are cultural default for childcare
- Organizational/Institutional: workplaces don’t accommodate childcare
15
Q
Selective exposure
A
- interaction between prejudice and stereotypes
- tendency to selectively seek info that reinforces attitudes and avoiding info that contradicts them
16
Q
___ and ____ work together to justify discrimination
A
prejudices and stereotypes!
17
Q
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A
- example of discrimination impacting prejudice/stereotyping
- our expectations impact how we act toward a person which can cause the expectation to come true
18
Q
Snyder et al. 2007 study on the self-fulfilling prophecy
A
- men randomly assigned to have phone convo w attractive or unattractive photo of woman
- asked Qs based on expectations
- coders rated recordings
- women thought to be more attractive perceived as more sociable, warm, interesting, independent, outgoing, funny
19
Q
William James
A
- first psyc lab at Harvard in 1875
- first empirical psychologist in NA
- studied sensation, perception, and emotion
- wrote Principles of Psychology
20
Q
Kurt Lewin
A
- director of first social psyc lab at MIT in 1945
- first social psychologist to use experimental approach
21
Q
Scientific racism
A
- ex phrenology (or now face scan tech to identify thieves)
- derailed field of psyc for a long time
22
Q
William McDougall
A
- wrote one of first social psyc textbooks in 1908
- prof at Duke, chair at Harvard (cutting edge research)
- used scientific racism in lectures
- nordic races superior as they’re more likely to have psych traits like curiosity, introversion, self-assertion
- Black ppl inherently submissive so appropriate to subject them to lower status (ex of naturalistic fallacy!)
23
Q
Johnson-Reed Act of 1924
A
- US law that restricted immigration based on origin
- favoured immigrants from northern and western europe
- ex of using “findings” from scientific racism to justify real policies
24
Q
Social Darwinism (and Hubert Spencer)
A
- Hubert Spencer: created term “survival of the fittest”
- existing disparities justified as reflecting innate differences between more/less worthy groups
- wrong from evolutionary standpoint (evolution selects at indiv level not group)
- example of naturalistic fallacy!!!
- ex: Virginia Sterilization Law of 1924 that sterilized certain ppl w mental health issues
25
Naturalistic fallacy
whatever is, is right
26
Shift away from scientific racism
- realization that structural forces must be contributors to intergroup disparities
- Floyd Allport (1924) was one of first known to suggest this about Black americans
27
William Graham Sumner
- Yale, first prof of sociology in NA
- published Folkways in 1906 (how moral systems develop across diff cultures)
- coined terms ingroup, outgroup, and ethnocentrism
- idea of antagonistic relationship w outgroup
28
Walter Lippmann
- journalist, 2 Pulitzer prizes, founded The New Republic
- published book Public Opinion in 1922
- negative assessment of indiv ability to act rationally and self-govern
- adapted term stereotype from printing industry!
- we have to generalize/abstract to function as human beings in a complicated society
- "we define first and then see"
29
Princeton Trilogy Studies (1933) Katz & Braly
- surveyed 100 students ab stereotypes they believe
- 78% agree that germans are scientifically-minded; 84% agree Black ppl are superstitious
- confirmation bias; we are active participants in stereotypical perceptions
30
LaPiere (1934): Attitudes vs. Actions
- self-report Qs are just a symbolic response to a symbolic situation
- travelled America w Chinese immigrant couple
- visited 66 hotels and 184 restaurants;. only refused one time
- 6mo later LaPiere contacted 128 of the places to ask if they would provide service to a Chinese couple; 92% said no!
- cool bc field study but lots of confounds (they were with a white man...)
31
Gordon Allport
- most important figure of 20th century in intergroup relations
- prof at Harvard 1930-1967
- 1956 book The Nature of Prejudice was first analysis of issues of prejudice and discrimination (mostly correct/confirmed today!)
- book credited for taking social-cognitive perspective (need to understand psych factors to understand social phenomena) AND arguing for importance of studying intergroup contact
32
Allport's Contact Hypothesis
- specific type of intergroup contact as an effective means of reducing intergroup hostility and prejudice
Effective contact is:
- based on 'acquaintanceship' (shared status)
- integrated
- communal ("we're all in this together")
33
Signer 1948 study on intergroup contact in military
- 77% of white soldiers reported more favourable attitudes towards Black ppl after serving in same unit as Black soldiers
- highly communal!
34
Stouffer 1949 study on intergroup contact (white soldiers who fought w Black vs white)
- only those who fought alongside Black soldiers showed more favourable attitudes towards Black ppl
- good bc probably close to random assignment
35
Deutsch & Collins 1951 study on intergroup contact in public housing
- residents in more integrated public housing developed more positive attitudes towards Black ppl
- led many states to reverse policies ab segregated housing
36
Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment (and theory that came from it)
- Turkish psychologist
- student of Gordon Allport
- work gave rise to realistic conflict theory (conflict arises due to competition for desired resources)
- experiment was 3 week summer camp for 22 eleven y/o boys
- 3 stages: ingroup formation, friction/competition, and integration
37
Stage 1 of Robbers Cave exp
- forming ingroups
- series of difficult challenges to increase identification w group (but no competition within group)
- once bond was formed, told ab other group
38
Stage 2 of Robbers Cave exp
- competition
- series of competitions w clear winner and loser (but made sure groups had somewhat equal numbers of wins losses -- shared status)
- tug of war showed how intergroup dynamics can influence perception (boys who lost reported it lasting much longer)
39
Stage 3 of Robbers Cave exp
- integration
- positive contact and cooperation between groups
- was very effective!
- ex fixing broken water tank
40
Lessons from Robbers Cave
- the same tools and techniques can serve harmony and integration as well as deadly competition and conflict
- we need to take a structural approach (conflict or harmony is not primarily determined by individual differences)
41
Henri Tajfel, SIT, and the minimal groups paradigm
- polish social psychologist (problematic)
- founder of Social Identity Theory: indiv sense of identity/self-esteem primarily determined by group membership
- advances research on minimal groups paradigm (mere classification into a group, even if arbitrary, is sufficient to create intergroup bias -- discovered by accident in trying to create control condition w over/under estimators)
42
Who, like Lippmann, helped advance notion that stereotypes/prejudice rely on normal cognitive processes?
Henri Tajfel!
43
Two key insights from Tajfel's 'Human Groups and Social Categories'
- intergroup processes can be studied in a controlled lab setting
- intensified affiliation w group only possible when group can supply some satisfactory aspects of an individual's social identity
44
System Justification Theory
- Franz Fanon wrote ab how societal structures force marginalized groups to internalize a sense of inferiority
- John Jost and Mahzarin Banaji developed this idea into system justification theory
- maintaining existing social structures is prioritized even at expense of personal or group interests
45
Doll tests and Brown vs. Board of Education
- 1940s psychologists Mamie and Kenneth Clark conducted series of doll tests where kids had to pick black or white doll; most chose white (ex of self-esteem hypothesis)
- Brown vs. Board of Education case cited these studies in making broader conclusions ab how cultural messages create inferiority
46
Social cognition is the study of how _____ like ______, ______, and ______ shape our understanding of the social world
...how MENTAL PROCESSES like PERCEPTION, MEMORY, and THOUGHT shape our understanding of the social world
47
Implicit social cognition investigates the role of ______ processes in social psychological processes
automatic (ex. evaluative priming)
48
Experimental control
- degree to which researcher can control the env in which RQ is explored
49
Psychological realism
- degree to which study simulates real-world experiences
50
Internal validity
- degree to which a study can rule out alternative hypotheses
51
External validity
- degree to which findings generalize
- related to psychological realism
52
Self-report measures
- assesses attitudes, thoughts, or beliefs
- explicit measure
- self-report racial attitude scales correlate rly highly
- con: ppl might just give socially desirable answer
53
When asked ab explicit attitudes for black vs white preference, about __% reported no bias, while ___% reported a pro-black bias and ___% reported a pro-white bias
70% none; 10% pro-black; 20% pro-white
54
Indirect measures for measuring racial attitudes
- infer attitudes from behavior
- ex evaluative priming (EP)
- con: might not relate to actual behaviours
- can also look at physiological response (but not perfect bc pos/neg strong emotions can cause same reaction)
55
Evaluative priming
- uses rxn time of identifying pos/neg words to infer 'implicit' racial attitudes
- if stimuli facilitates identification of neg words, those stimuli are believed to ahve a negative association
56
In an evaluative priming task, about ___% show no bias, while ___% show a pro-black bias and ___% show a pro-white bias
30% none; 15% pro-black; 55% pro-white
57
Frank Kachanoff and hypothetical behavioural measures
- studies self-determination theory (autonomy is basic human need)
- tries to create high-investment environment in studies
- participants join group, complete missions, develop a culture
- then uses 'maximal group paradigms' to look at how high/low status can impact group identity and behaviour
- BUT still a novel group so not 'real'
58
Frank Kachanoff work w autonomy
- studies SDT
- outgroup did or did not act on power to change group's coat of arms (autonomy restrictive vs supportive conditions)
- after exp. collective autonomy restriction, ps felt less personal satisfaction/enjoyment/personal autonomy
- so being in a low power status group made them feel less individual control/autonomy!
59
After imagining a white p use a slur towards a black p, ___% of white ps said they'd choose work w the white person
After actually seeing the interaction, ___% chose the white person
- 20%; 60%
- shows disconnect between predicted and actual behaviour
60
First-person shooting task (FPST)
- shoot b/w target if they're holding a gun
- more likely to shoot unarmed black person (false alarms)
- less likely to shoot an armed white person (misses)
- more linked to outcomes we acc care about, but still just a videogame
61
Archival analyses (+ 3 examples)
- use existing datasets to understand how social forces influence real-world behaviour
- ex coding police officers at traffic stops; much more polite/reassuring to white drivers, more disrespectful to black drivers
- ex US min cocaine for felony raised to 280g in 2011; disproportionately affected POC
- ex analysis of 100 million traffic stops found black drivers less stopped after dusk (harder to see race of driver)
62
Weaknesses of archival analysis method
- restricted in access to data
- low experimental control/internal validity
63
Audit studies
- try to combine exp control and internal validity of lab study while also measuring real-world behaviour
- eg creating fake ads/resumes/actors to keep everything constant between conditions except social info
- govmts do this to see if anti-discrimination laws are being respected
64
Butler & Brockman (2011) audit study on racial discrimination by elected constituents
- state legislators randomly assigned to receive same email from either Jake Mueller or DeShawn Jackson
- 61% response rate for Jake vs 51% for DeShawn
*** true only when email did not signal a political party affiliation
65
Kang et al. (2016) audit study w resumes
- found real job ads and randomly sent each a resume either low or high in 'whitening' cues
- all has SAME qualifications
- 10% callback for un-whitened vs 25% for whitened
66
Ayres (1991) audit study w car negotiation
- trained actors to use same neg strategy
- 90 dealerships; matched negotiator son age, education, background
- white negotiators got avg. 575$ lower price
- also gender discrimination (women got worse discounts)
- good at identifying effect but hard to explain it; very resource intensive
67
Scientific racism
- before 1920s
- naturalistic fallacy (what is is right)
- justify prejudice with 'data'
- eg phrenology popular in 30s/40s in US
- ai/face scanning tech is modern example
68
Psychodynamic theories
- 1920s-50s
- explicit racism; aftermath of holocaust
- prejudice is wrong and rooted in indiv diff
- prejudice is not normal psych functioning
- frustration --> aggression --> displaced onto weaker target
69
Authoritarian Personality and the F-scale (who, what theory is it a part of, new finding)
- psychodynamic theory
- F scale first self-report social psych scale
- Adorno et al. 1950
- set of personality traits ass. w belief in obedience to authority and oppression of subordinate groups
- id produces neg impulses that can't be controlled by ego (psychic conflict)
- think authoritarian ppl will be more prejudiced
- scale is about 50 items; not super great
- new: authoritarians have increased sensitivity to societal threats
70
Sociocultural theories
- 1960s-70s (still some today)
- civil rights mvmt
- focus on social/cultural influences on prejudice (not individual)
- prejudice as a manifestation of cultural norms
71
Clark & Clark doll studies (1947)
- ex of sociocultural theory
- looked at outgroup/ingroup preferences
- majority of kids (black and white) picked white doll to play with
- this effect is still a thing
72
Google search for "person" global study 2022
- countries w higher gender inequality had higher proportion of men show up
- suggests relationship between societal values and search results
73
Cognitive theories (+ schema theory)
- 1980s-present
- prejudice as universal phenomenon (normal habit, comes from ordinary aspects of cognition)
- schema theory: organize info in minds by unconsciously creating categories/scripts (saves time/effort)
- stereotypes as schemas gone wrong
74
Evolutionary theories
- 1990s-present
- prejudice emerged from what used to be adaptive
- maybe approach/avoidance behaviours
- can test to see if slower at 'approaching' outgroup (faster to avoid black faces and slavic names in italy)
- we don't know if findings are about an evolutionary-based threat; could just be culture/environment
75
Intergroup relations theories
- 1970s
- prejudice is a manifestation of relationships between groups
- not same as sociocultural bc its about how groups relate to one another, not just reflection of culture
76
Salma Mousa and social trust research
- randomly ass. Iraqi Christian soccer players to teams w no Muslims or 25% Muslims
- can we change intergroup relations w contact that is cooperative, equal, endorsed by community authorities, has shared goal
- ps from integrated teams more likely to vote muslim for award and to play with them again BUT not rly significant outcomes off field
- not much attitude change
- might be easier to change behaviour than attitudes!
77
Social Identity theory
- ppl want to achieve/maintain positive social identity AND distinguish own social group from others
- Tajfel is creator of this theory
- need to balance need to be individual AND good group member
- minimal groups paradigm: randomly assigned ppl to Klee/Kandinsky groups and ppl favoured own group in distributing money!
78
Self-categorization and optimal distinctiveness theory
- part of social identity theory
- self-categorization is situational (activate diff identities in diff contexts)
- threats to ingroup make identity salient
- Optimal distinctiveness theory (Brewer, 1993): want to strike balance between group id and personal id
79
Self-esteem hypothesis
- part of social identity theory
- self-esteem intrinsically linked to group id
- BIRGing (ingroup success as own, derogation following failure)
- derogating outgroup can increase self-esteem
- threats to s-e increase outgroup discrimination
80
Relative deprivation theory
- ppl would rather make 39k while others make 20k vs 40k while others make 60k
- monkey happy w cucumber as reward until other monkey starts getting grapes
- more likely to compare to ppl who are similar, relevant, proximal
- relative deprivation arises bc of perceived undeserved discrepancy between desired outcome and actual outcome
- think its undeserved bc of lack of distributive justice or procedural justice
81
Relative deprivation and anti-immigrant prejudice study
- 7000+ europeans responded to survey over 15y
- measure personal and group rel-dep
- found that group deprivation is relevant for prejudice, personal deprivation is not
82
Relative deprivation theory and intergroup behaviour
- advantaged group members misperceive equality as necessarily harming their access to resources and inequality as necessarily benefitting them
- equality-enhancing policies (study w proposed increase to loans for latino homebuyers) rating more harmful than no changes among white ps
- win-win policy seen as more harmful than lose-lose in study w rattlers/eagles getting bonuses
- prioritizing diff accross groups NOT consistently related to explicit racial preferences, SDO, political orientation
83
Realistic conflict theory
- intergroup prej/discr arises from conflicting goals and competition over limited resources
- eg Sherif's Robbers cave study
- intergroup prejudice amplified when: relationship perceived as zero-sum (clear winner), objective resource scarcity, perceived resources scarcity
- objective scarcity: in times of recession ppl are more exclusive (draw line closer to white face on white-black morphing scale)
- subjective scarcity: believing immigrants are stealing jobs
84
Social Identity Theory: Prejudice from ___
Relative Deprivation Theory: Prejudice from ____
Realistic Conflict Theory: Prejudice from ___
Social Identity Theory: Prejudice from MERE INGROUP/OUTGROUP
Relative Deprivation Theory: Prejudice from VICTIMIZED INGROUP
Realistic Conflict Theory: Prejudice from COMPETITION
85
Most people ____ support status hierarchies
DO NOT
86
Social Dominance Orientation (who, theory - controversy?)
- Sidanius and Pratto
- SIT can't be only contributor to discrimination
- group-based hierarchies are universal, most intergroup conflict arises from them
- ppl and institutions exist along a continuum from hierarchy-enforcing to -attenuating
- hierarchies are two-way street (controversial)
87
SDO scale
- SDO scale is indiv diff measure
- extent to which believe society should have group-based hierarchies
- scores not normally distributed (most ppl say strongly disagree)
88
SDO correlation with...
- Political ideology r= _____
- Explicit racial preferences r=______
- Gender r=_____ ( ___ are higher)
SDO correlation with...
- Political ideology r= .43
- Explicit racial preferences r= .27
- Gender r= .19 (MEN are higher)
89
SDO also associated with....
- more actual uses of force in police officers
- high SDO predicts higher likelihood of working in a hierarchy-enforcing job (and these jobs ass. w long-term increase in SDO)
90
Kteily (mcgill alum) and Sidanius study on SDO as cause of hierarchy support
- cross-lagged longitudinal design
- tracked white freshmen during orientation and then every spring sem
- SDO in 1996 stronger predictor of outgroup prejudice in 2000 than outgroup prejudice in 1996 was predictor of SDO in 2000
- so SDO ---> racial biases
91
SDO and hierarchy maintenance (empathy task)
- white ps did intergroup empathy task (saw white asian or black p experience smt mildly positive or negative
- reported how good and bad they felt
- high SDO ps less pos empathy and more schadenfreude (esp for outgroup)
- so, SDO may help maintain hierarchies by blunting empathy for outgroup
92
Schadenfreude
- feeling positive after seeing someone else experience negativity
93
Scarcity mindsets
- having lower status and power
- like being under consistent cognitive load
- poor ppl spend more on lottery tickets, save less % of income, and take out risky loans
- increases focus on immediate short-term problems; reduces focus on long-term
- wheel of fortune lab study: 'poor' got less guesses per round, performed worse in dot-probe task (maybe bad ext validity)
- indian sugarcane famers performed 10pts higher on IQ test right after harvest
- 1000$ increase in family income tax credit raised kids test scores (6% of SD)
- having fewer resources in life is cognitively taxing!!!
94
Studies on 'representativeness' of images of political candidates
- about half said all are equally representative, 1/6th picked each of unaltered, lightened, darkened
- if agreed with candidate, 25% chose lightened and 10% darkened
- if disagreed, 25% chose darkened and 10% lightened
- for Obama 25% pick darkened, 25% lightened, 10% unaltered and 40% say they're equal
- liberals picked lightened version (33%), conservatives picked darkened (42%)
- demonstrates implicit associations between skin tone and good vs bad
95
_____ and ______ are self-report scales that use more indirect approaches to measure explicit racial attitudes.
Modern racism & symbolic racism
- try to avoid problem of social desirability!
96
Symbolic/modern racism
- dev by poli sci in 70s/80s
- blatant prejudice no longer acceptable
- ppl high in modern/symbolic racism don't feel discrimination is a significant problem
- other groups not inherently inferior, disparities attributable to group diff in attitudes/motivations associated w success in life
97
_____, _____ and ______ are self-report scales that use more direct approaches to measure explicit racial attitudes.
prejudice index, racial stereotypes measure, subtle and blatant prejudice
98
Correlation between self-report measures and IAT
- IAT scores are distinct but still somewhat related
- self-presentation concerns or irrelevant factors (ie general attitudes ab topic) could weaken correlation
- more direct Qs correlate more strongly w IAT
99
Two self-report questions that correlate most highly w IAT scores
- do you prefer white vs black
- would you be willing to live in a mixed neighbourhood (single best predictor!)
100
Right-wing authoritarianism (creator?, predictor of...?)
- scale/construct by Robert Altemeyer 1981
- ppl particularly willing to submit to authorities and adhere to societal conventions
- RWA strong predictor of intergroup prejudice
- bc connected to mental inflexibility
101
Correlation between right-wing authoritarianism and prejudice towards...
- Black ppl r= ____
- Gay ppl r= _____
- Feminists r= _____
- Ppl w mental disability r= _____
Correlation between right-wing authoritarianism and prejudice towards...
- Black ppl r= .50
- Gay ppl r= .52
- Feminists r= .74
- Ppl w mental disability r= .31
102
RWA and conservatism correlate at r= ___
.65!
103
Need for cognitive closure
- indiv diff measure
- ppl who can't deal w ambiguity
- related to conservatism (r= .20)
- need for closure and need for stereotypical thinking both allow for more simple view of world
104
Need for cognitive closure/structure and political orientation study findings (2 studies)
- conservative ps evaluate androgenous targets more neg partly bc it took them longer to categorize them (but not liberals!)
--
- conservatives are more confident that group membership can be inferred from appearance.....
- need for structure mediated rel between conservatism and belief that group can be inferred from appearance
105
Place theses theories of prejudice on a continuum from blatant to subtle
- Aversive prejudice
- Symbolic prejudice
- Implicit prejudice
- Ambivalent prejudice
- Old-fashioned prejudice
1. Old-fashioned
2. Symbolic
3. Aversive
4. Ambivalent
5. Implicit
106
Jim Crow racism/old-fashioned racism
- after reconstruction until 1960s
- white belief in biological superiority
- firm belief in racial separation
- use of gov to establish system of segregation/other forms of discrimination
107
Republican Lee Atwater on the Southern Strategy
- support ideas that uphold racial inequality by changing way you talk about them
- make discrimination socially acceptable
- eg welfare queen
108
Symbolic/modern prejudice (what, behaviours, score distribution, example)
- set of beliefs ab Black ppl as abstract group rather than individuals
- portray stigmatized groups as morally inferior bc they violate traditional values
- expressed through acts that could be mostly justified on non-racial basis BUT than maintain the status quo
- score distribution is skewed but less than SDO (so maybe subtler)
- eg president of Malaysia argues laws against Malays aren't ab racism, but ab making them work harder
109
5 themes that characterize symbolic prejudice
1. racial prejudice/discrimination no longer exist or aren't a problem
2. differences in SES are from lack of motivation
3. anger over inequality is unjustified
4. black ppl seek favours instead of working to get ahead
5. black ppl now get more than they deserve economically
110
Paradox of symbolic prejudice
- endorse racial equality principle but oppose policies that could bring it about
111
Equality of opportunity vs outcome
- opportunity: everyone deserves same chance to succeed (no one deserves leg-up); high modern racism predicts agreeing w this
- outcome: everyone should have an equal share of successes; high modern racism predicts lower agreement w this
112
Criticism of symbolic prejudice
- some ppl actually don't think their beliefs/support for policies are tied to racial inequality
- measurement of symbolic prejudice might be conflating these two things
113
Aversive prejudice
- positive explicit attitudes but negative implicit attitudes
- characterized by feelings of unease and discomfort rather than hostility
- many support equality and see self as egalitarian (so strong motivation to appear unprejudiced)
- more likely to discriminate when correct behaviour is unclear (ex more likely to pick white candidate vs black when quals are ambiguous vs strong)
114
Mendes partner discomfort study (2002)
- aversive prejudice
- non-black ps do word-find task w white or black confederate
- higher BP when interacting w Black person
- ppl w aversive prejudice are uncomfy/anxious around minorities
115
Ambivalent prejudice
- 'ambi' (both) and 'valence' (good/bad)
- negative and positive feelings ab group (eg Black ppl seen as disadvantaged --> sympathy and culturally deviant --> aversion)
- being aware of mental conflict causes psychological discomfort that ppl want to reduce (leads to response amplification -- more extreme behaviour, good or bad)
116
Ambivalent persuasion study (Bell 2002)
- measured ambivalence toward indigenous ppl in Ontario
- give ps persuasion info (pro/anti land rights)
- non-ambivalent ppl maintained pretty much same attitude after new info
- ambivalent ppl swing extremely to reduce conflict!
117
Ambivalent prejudice study w birthmark confederate (Mendes 2013)
- ps w low cardiovascular threat in interaction showed no diff in positive treatment to confed w or w/o birthmark
- ps high in cardiovascular threat showed greater positivity towards birthmark confed
118
A clip from Get Out was shown to demonstrate what kind of prejudice
- ambivalent!
- white ppl extra smiley w black man
- disconnect between behaviour and discriminatory Qs they ask him
119
The statement "I hate minorities; they are biologically inferior; discrimination is justifiable" represents what form of prejudice?
Old-fashioned!
120
The statement "I don't like minorities; they are morally inferior; discrimination no longer exists" represents what form of prejudice?
Modern/symbolic!
121
The statement "I don't like discrimination, but don't like minorities either; they make me nervous" represents what form of prejudice?
Aversive!
122
The statement "I don't like discrimination; I have positive and negative beliefs about minorities" represents what form of prejudice?
Ambivalent!
123
In 2021, about _____ IATs were taken. That's about 1 every ___ seconds
3.37 million; 1 every 8 seconds
124
Two key factors that contribute to someone's IAT score (or implicit prejudice)
- identity you have
- society you are in
**these kinda cancel out for Black ps who have a pretty normal distribution (white scores are skewed pro-white)
125
There is a ___ correlation between IAT scores and behaviour
weak! (maybe higher if you take test a lot)
126
Gender-science IAT
- 70% science=men arts=women
- no big diff based on group identity!
- women in stem have lower science=man ass.
- men in stem have higher science=man ass.
- maybe indiv diff to do w major choice?
127
Group identity and 'liking' of other groups
- ppl like own group most
- other groups ranked based on societal norms/values
- true for race and religion
- shows IAT scores linked to cultural messaging
128
IAT scores predict ___% of real-world behaviours
- 2-3%
- big impact over time (think Google promotion example)
- maybe IAT more associated w behaviours we can't rly control (ie more awk talking to black vs white experimenter)
129
Implicit bias and employment in Sweden study (Rooth 2007)
- manipulated name on resume to be swedish or arab muslim
- responded to 1.5k job ads (192 hiring managers)
- weak corr between explicit stereotypes and callbacks
- stronger neg corr between implicit stereotypes and callback rate for arab/muslim applicants
130
Gender-science IAT and gender gap in 8th grade science
- r=.39
- higher stereotype scores ass w male advantage in 8th grade science
131
Race IAT and school suspensions
- counties w higher IAT scores = more interracial disparities in school suspensions
132
When are implicit prejudices influential?
1. When you don't think things through (stressed, tired, time pressure, etc -- more race based errors in shooting game)
2a. Decision criteria unclear (eg police chief study)
2b. Info is ambiguous
3. Policies and systems allow for it (eg blind auditions --> more women in orchestras)
133
Richeson 2007 study on cross-race interactions (IAT and executive control)
- 10-15m interaction w same or cross race
- measure of executive control (stroop task)
- more implicit bias on IAT had most difficulty on Stroop task after cross-race interaction
134
Motivation to control predudice (what does it predict? score distribution? correlation bt 2 types?)
- strong predictor of quality of intergroup interactions
- Plant & Devine divided this into internal motivation (showing respect; positive skew) and external motivation (not appearing prejudiced; normal distribution)
- the 2 motivations are uncorrelated (r= .03)
135
Study on motivation to control prejudice in interactions (LaCosse 2019)
- saw get to know you vid of Black p
- made own video and interacted
- external motivation ass w concerns ab appearing prejudiced and self-focussed behavioral intentions
- internal motivation ass w concern to be respectful, partner-focussed behavioral intentions, actual respectful behavior
136
Benefits of intergroup contact (5)
- increased knowledge ab outgroup
- increased empathy w outgroup
- reduced intergroup anxiety
- reduced implicit & explicit prejudice
- reduced intergroup threat
137
Allport's optimal conditions for contact (5)
1. support of authorities
2. equal status
3. common goals (not necessarily active coop)
4. cooperation
5. Contact as individuals (eg meet a jew)
138
Status and contact study (Blamchard 1975)
- white ps did cooperative task w black actor
- partner equal or lower status (competence)
- partner succeeded or failed
- when partner was lower status p liked them a lot less if they failed
- cooperation backfires when clear status hierarchy exists
139
Cooperation and contact study (Brown 2003)
- white athletes playing group and indiv sports w low med or high contact w plack ppl
- least prejudice with contact and cooperation (team sport)
140
4 reasons ppl hesitate to initiate intergroup friendships
1. Worry won't know how to act
2. Anticipate anxiety
3. Expect more neg experience than reality
4. Worry ab rejection (white worry black will find them prejudiced, black worry white have neg stereotypes; both assume other isn't interested)
141
Attributions of white participants of self vs other reasons for not initiating contact
- say they didn't bc of fear of rejection (say others have lower fear)
- say other didn't bc lack of interest (say they have more interest)
142
Indirect contact (3 examples)
- extended contact (friends of friends): ass w lower prejudice!
- imagining contact: small reduction of prej
- parasocial contact (media): reduces prej
143
Negative contact
- neg experiences that result in increased prejudice
- less common than pos contact but more influential on prejudice (more likely to generalize neg encounter)
144
For members of disadvantaged groups, greater intergroup contact ass w _____ support for social change
lower! (higher for advantaged groups)
**maybe pacifying effect on working for social change
145
Hassler et al. 2019 study on downsides of contact
- both ethnic minorities and LGBTQ ppl often had neg ass between contact and support for social change
- only outcome pos associated for min/maj groups was willingness to work in solidarity (recognition we all play role in social change)
146
Study on UK contact w Black troops in WWII (Schindler 2020)
- areas of UK where more black troops are more tolerant towards minorities 60 years after troops have left
- intergenerational transmission/cultural norms
147
Social categories (+3 most common in NA)
- ppl can be perceives by many
- can be physical or invisible
- gender, race, age are most common in NA
148
Among adults, we encode race + gender within _____ms
300
149
Ito 2003 study on ERPs and social categorization
- white ps looked at images of male/female b/w ppl and told to categorize based on gender or race
- event related potentials revealed diffs in processing race within 100ms and gender within 200ms
- 400-500ms to make actual response (ie click)
150
Factors that determine social categorization (4)
1. Ingroup vs Outgroup
2. Prototypicality (easier/faster categorization and increased stereotyping of those w higher prototypicality)
3. More vs less visible identities (more visible are more likely to be categorized/stereotyped against)
4. Situation and Context (determine which social categories are most salient ie sports game)
151
Death penalty in Philadelphia cases w white victim and black defendants
- 56% death penalty for more prototypical
- 24% for less prototypical
- controlled for attractiveness, circumstances, SES, ect.
152
Prototypicality and shooter bias
- less bias to less prototypical black person, more bias to more prototypical
153
Re-fencing
- when counter-stereotypical info concentrated in single outgroup member, they may be perceived as isolated exception
- eg diff stereotypes for black ppl vs black politicians
154
Stereotype content model (Fiske)
- 2 dimensions: warmth and competence
- fundamental to person perception (evolutionarily adaptive benefits)
155
An example of someone high in competence and high in warmth is _____. They elicit feelings of ______.
Tom Hanks; admiration
156
An example of someone high in competence and low in warmth is _____. They elicit feelings of ______.
the ultra-rich; envy
157
An example of someone low in competence and high in warmth is _____. They elicit feelings of ______.
children; pity
158
An example of someone low in competence and low in warmth is _____. They elicit feelings of ______.
homeless people; contempt
159
Koch addition to stereotype content model
- third dimension: ideology! (convervative/progressive, trad/non-trad)
- ideology independent of competence
- groups w your ideology perceived warmer
- groups w other ideology perceived colder
160
Racial position model
- racial/enthic minority groups in US perceived along 2 dimensions: inferiority and cultural foreignness
- white: superior/american
- black: inferior/american
- asian: superior/foreign
- latinx: inferior/foreign
**minority groups may be more likely to experience discrimination on one basis but not other
161
Double Jeopardy hypothesis
- men more likely to be the target of prejudice than women
- common idea but not always supported
