Final (Part 2)

Question 1

limitation of cumulative incidence?

Answer 1

not a perfect measure in a dynamic population

Question 2

what is central tendency

Answer 2

method of calculating the average, descriptive factors, mean median and mode

Question 3

what to include when discussing results

Answer 3

link with the review, strengths and weaknesess, generalize results, future research

Question 4

What is odds ratio

Answer 4

ratio between two odds : (A/B) / (C/D). or (AD/BC)

Question 5

grey literature?

Answer 5

materials and research outputs that are not published through traditional commercial or academic publishing channels

Question 6

what is person-time

Answer 6

unit for incidence rate, amount of time each person at risk is under observation

Question 7

formula for incidence

Answer 7

of new cases/ population

Question 8

what is publication bias

Answer 8

posistive essays more easily published, lannguage biases, small study biases

Question 9

what is prevalence

Answer 9

presence of cases during specific time

Question 10

what is relative risk

Answer 10

ratio of absolute risks in both groups, formula: RR: AR exposed/ AR not exposed, way to find if exposure and results are related

Question 11

features of normal distribution

Answer 11

bidirectional, symmetrical, totals to 1
can be skewed or kurtosis (peaked or flattened)

Question 12

measures of central tendency for nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio?

Answer 12

n-mode
o-mode, median
i,r- mode median mean

Question 13

what is a meta-analysis

Answer 13

comprehensive quantitative synthesis of study results on the same question

Question 14

when is heterogeneity significant?

Answer 14

when it is less than 0.05

Question 15

what is absolute risk

Answer 15

proportion of people with positive result, formula is : a/ (a+b)

Question 16

what is incidence

Answer 16

measures new cases in specfic time, includes transition from diff states, denominator only includes population at risk

Question 17

what is epidemiology

Answer 17

study of distribution and determminants of disease in human pop, applied to study health problems

Question 18

PICOS method?

Answer 18

patenits/poppulations, interventions, comparators, , outcomes, study designh

Question 19

what is a cross table

Answer 19

analysis based on two or more variables, IV vs DV or multiple categories of IV

Question 20

when doing a meta-analysis you must…

Answer 20

define the question, define criteria to select studies, explore heterogeneity, validity and accuracy of the results

Question 21

what are three measures of variability?

Answer 21

range, variance, standard deviation

Question 22

in a clincal trial/ RCT there is…

Answer 22

a study group, a placebo group

Question 23

numerator and denominator

Answer 23

n- cases of disease
d- size of pop

Question 24

what is cumulative incidence

Answer 24

measures new cases in specified time period

Question 25

how do you see publication bias

Answer 25

lack of symetry or a funnel plot

Question 26

cannot calculate risk ratio

Answer 26

in case control studies

Question 27

statistical vs clinical significane

Answer 27

s-diff vs relationship, H0 rejection (if p is less than a of 0.05) c- professional practice, advancement of knowledge

Question 28

3 types of knowledge synthesis

Answer 28

literature review, scoping review (exploratory project) and systematic review

Question 29

descriptive vs inferential statistics

Answer 29

d- organzie, summarize and present data i- generalize to pops. test hypothesis, make predictions

Question 30

what is EBPH

Answer 30

evidence-based public health, uses scientic reasoning to implement public health programs

Question 31

3 kinds of disease frequency measurements

Answer 31

ratio- non related numbers divided proportion- related numbers divided, numerator is part of denominator rate- time in denominator

Question 32

what is p value

Answer 32

how likely results are due to chance, if great that 0.05 can't be concluded there is a relationship

Question 33

What is odds?

Answer 33

proportion of outcome A compared to outcome B : A/B

Question 34

what are two main measures of association

Answer 34

relative risk, odds ratio

Question 35

when is CI significant

Answer 35

when it excludes the null value

Question 36

4 components of measuring disease frequency

Answer 36

population, # of cases, size of pop, time

Question 37

fixed vs dynamic population

Answer 37

fixed- wont change, defined by event (ex: ppl born in 2004) dynamic- can change (residents of ottawa0

Question 38

formula for prevalence/ point prevalence

Answer 38

of cases/ population at time point

Question 39

what is the cochrane collaboration?

Answer 39

updates and conducts systemic reviews, helps for informed health care decision making

Question 40

what is incidence rate

Answer 40

speed at which new cases occur