Midterm 1 (Part 2)

Question 1

common question in grounded theory

Answer 1

what are the psychosocial factors

Question 2

who can be a control?

Answer 2

part of source population, no longer useable after event/death, selected regardless of exposure

Question 3

transformational simulatenous

Answer 3

quanti+ quali, or quali/quanti

Question 4

what is grounded theory/ how is it collected

Answer 4

phenomena described in relation to how each person gives meaning to their social interactions, explain social processess

Question 5

case report vs case series

Answer 5

cr- report on one patient, w new symptom
cs- report on group of patients w same new symptoms

Question 6

interuppted time series?

Answer 6

evaluted repeatdly before and after treatment

Question 7

two kinds of qualitative observation

Answer 7

direct and indirect

Question 8

what is explanatory sequence

Answer 8

quanti to quali, description of results

Question 9

what is ethnography/ how is it collected

Answer 9

observe and describe cultures or subcultures, understanding a human group and way of lifeextended observation of groups, may live with study group

Question 10

what is a mixed design

Answer 10

combines qual/quan methods, driven by Q of research, results need both methods

Question 11

what is a cohort study

Answer 11

ppl exposed compared to not exposed, no intervention, only questioning/ data collection, find who develops condition

Question 12

benefits/disadvantages of randomized clinical trial

Answer 12

b-internal vaidity
d- external valaidity, expensive

Question 13

is the number of particpants in qualitative data set?

Answer 13

no, can change

Question 14

time factors in quantitative studies?

Answer 14

retro/prospective

Question 15

some issues with ecological studies?

Answer 15

can’t adjust for counfounding factors, complex relationships can be masked

Question 16

what is case study

Answer 16

indivdual, questions become more precise

Question 17

two kinds of quantitative study

Answer 17

descriptive (count cases, simple studies), analytic/scientific (is there an association)

Question 18

what is a longitudinal survey

Answer 18

collects data at diff points in time from same participants

Question 19

what is a cross-sectional survey

Answer 19

study or survey that examines the relationship
between an exposure and disease at a single point in
time (measures exposure prevalence to disease prevalence)

Question 20

what is phenomonlogy/ how is it collected

Answer 20

study of lived experiences, identify nature of phenomenon. Researcher collects perspectives, then uses strategies to interpret and structure

Question 21

what is a ecological fallacy/ bias

Answer 21

group-level association may not transfer to the individual level

Question 22

what is a disease outbreak

Answer 22

A disease outbreak is when more cases of a disease occur than expected in a certain area or group of people. Outbreaks are similar to epidemics but often refer to more localized events.

Question 23

characteristics of experimental study

Answer 23

parallel, compartive, may be blinded or not, phase one to four clinical trials

Question 24

what are the objectives of a randomized trial

Answer 24

evaluate the effect of a drug or intervention on the course of a disease in a patient population, evaluate the impact in non-ill people

Question 25

types of experimental studies

Answer 25

before and after trial (one recieves intervention other does not, test before and after), after one trial (one recieves intervention other does not, test after), factorial design (two factors assigned to subjects), crossover trial (subjects randomized to diff seuqneces with treatments)

Question 26

aims of qualitative research

Answer 26

to understand the participants point of view, describe phenomena, classify and structure data

Question 27

main limitation of cases

Answer 27

"No explicit comparison group" means there is no clearly defined group to compare results against, making it harder to assess the true effect of the studied factor

Question 28

4 kinds of qualitative research

Answer 28

phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study

Question 29

common question in ethnography

Answer 29

what are the cultural factors

Question 30

what is a quasi experimental study

Answer 30

researcher controls what and when but not who, control group cannot be randomized, exaime relationships and predict phenomena

Question 31

common question in phenomenology

Answer 31

how do you experience this

Question 32

issues with case control

Answer 32

recall bias, timing issues, confounding factors

Question 33

what is a ecological study

Answer 33

examines rates of disease in realtion to population level factor, examines as a group (country, state, etc)

Question 34

sequential exploratory

Answer 34

quali to quanti, understanding of results

Question 35

stregths of ecological studies

Answer 35

inexpensive, fast, based off avalible data, wide range of exposures, analysis is easy

Question 36

what is a case control study

Answer 36

cases are compared with control, matching, recruitment based off absence/ presence of outcome, no intervention is done

Question 37

what is a disease cluster

Answer 37

group of cases of a particular disease that occurs in a specific area or among a specific population over a certain period of time at rates higher than expected

Question 38

different data collections methods for qualitative

Answer 38

individual (more in depth), collective (focus group), nominal group (8-12 ppl, scale is developed, then hierarchy), delphi (all online, no limits)

Question 39

issues with cross sectional survey

Answer 39

problematic when exposure is changeable (i.e weight and exercise), cases picked up tend to only be long duration, not all will be picked up

Question 40

stregth of cross-sectional survey

Answer 40

quick, generalizable

Question 41

simultaneous with triagulation

Answer 41

quanti+quali, vice versa,

Question 42

prospective vs retrospective cohort studies

Answer 42

p- sample without disease, follow up (data collected in advance) r- data collected after disease, ask about past