Final Part 3

Question 1

Main function of Pulmonary System

Answer 1

gas exchange

Question 2

4 Processes of Pulmonary System

Answer 2

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing): movement of air in and out of lungs
Pulmonary Diffusion: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Transport of O2 and CO2 via blood stream
Capillary Gas Exchange: exchange of O2 and CO2

Question 3

Internal vs External Respiration

Answer 3

Internal= Pulmonary Ventilation and Pulmonary Diffusion

External: Transport and Capillary Gas Exchange

Question 4

Nasal and Oral Cavities

Answer 4

• Mainly nose, but mouth used when demand exceeds Nasal Capacity
• Air entering nasal cavities swirls through the irregular surfaces (nasal conchae) lined with mucus and cilia. As it does so, air is brought to 37 degrees C, 100% RH, and filtered of particles
• All air particles lined with cilia and mucus. Cilia beat toward larynx

Question 5

Pharynx

Answer 5

throat.

free passage of air and food

Question 6

Larynx

Answer 6

voice box

9 cartilages

Question 7

Vocal Folds

Answer 7

Speech sounds

folds on larynx surface. air vibrates through folds to produce songs. muscle contraction moves cartilages to change tension on folds

Question 8

Epiglottis

Answer 8

lid on larynx

• normally, larynx open for air to reach lungs
• swallowing causes epiglottis to close off larynx and any particles called are directed down esophagus
• if particles get past epiglottis, cough reflex initiated to expel object

Question 9

Trachea

Answer 9

windpipe.
4” non-collapsible tube

c-shaped rings of cartilage reinforce walls, keep trachea open despite pressure changes of breathing

Question 10

Primary Bronchi

Answer 10

• trachea splits and plunges into lungs
• R and L primary bronchus

primary bronchi split into secondary bronchi, which split into tertiary, which then split into bronchioles

Question 11

bronchioles

Answer 11

branches off bronchi

Question 12

terminal bronchioles

Answer 12

smallest bronchioles

Question 13

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 13

terminal bronchioles that have alveoli leading directly off them

Question 14

alveolar ducts

Answer 14

smal ducts leading from terminal bronchioles which have clusters of alveoli extending off them

Question 15

alveoli

Answer 15

small, elastic, thin-walled membranous sacs, allow for gas diffusion

-alveolus lined with thin layer of fluid

Question 16

Epiglottis function

Answer 16

routing of food and air

Question 17

of alveoli and SA provided

Answer 17

> 600 million

SA= 85 m2 (about 35x body external SA or about 1/2 tennis court)

Question 18

Visceral Pleura

Answer 18

outer membrane of lungs

Question 19

Parietal Pleura

Answer 19

lines thoracic wall (rib cage)

Question 20

Functions of Serous Fluid in Pleural Cavity

Answer 20

• eliminates friction when membranes slide over each other

- indirect connector: when one pleura moves, other pleura moves

Question 21

Low Volume in Breathing Mechanics

Answer 21

low P, Pi < Pb air flows in until equal

Question 22

High Volume in Breathing Mechanics

Answer 22

high P, Pi > Pb air flows out until equal

Question 23

Muscles involved in rest and during exercise for inhalation

Answer 23

contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals doesn’t provide enough expansion to support exercise, so more muscles are recruited to help

-Sternocleiodmastoid
-Scalenes
-Pectorals
-Serratus Anterior
-Trapezius
Pull rib cage up and back

Question 24

Muscles involved in rest and during exercise for exhalation

Answer 24

also needs more help than just recoil from relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Internal intercostals: collapse rib cage
Abdominals: push diaphragm up durther

Question 25

Breathing frequency

Answer 25

Rest: f=12 br/min Exercise: f= up to 70r/min

Question 26

Pulmonary Diffusion

Answer 26

Law of Leplace----> P=2ST/r | Surfactant reduces ST

Question 27

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 27

pressure exerted outwards from blood on capillary wall (15 mmHg)

Question 28

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Answer 28

pressure caused by proteins in blood shot creates a force that pulls fluid from interstitial into capillary (25 mmHg)

Question 29

HP and COP

Answer 29

- as long as COP > HP, interstitium dry and diffusion occurs | - if HP > COP, interstitial wet and diffusion hampered

Question 30

Laws of Diffusion

Answer 30

Diffusion a SA Diffusion a 1/thickness of alveolar membrane Diffusion is dependent on a partial pressure gradient

Question 31

Goal of Diffusion

Answer 31

Equilibrium

Question 32

Dalton's Law

Answer 32

total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture Pt= P1 + P2 + P3 +........+ Pn

Question 33

Partial Pressures

Answer 33

- pressure that a gas exerts independently in a gas mixture | - --Px = Pt (fraction of x in total mixture)

Question 34

% of gases in dry air

Answer 34

20.93% O2 0.03% CO2 79.04 N2 0% H2O

Question 35

Why are partial pressures in body different from what's calculated

Answer 35

because air entering lungs mixes with residual lung voumes

Question 36

strongest stimulus to breath

Answer 36

high CO2

Question 37

Pulmonary response to exercise

Answer 37

- At onset of exercise, immediate marked rise in ventilation due to body movement followed by a gradual rise due to changes in temperature and chemical concentrations - Post-exercise, breathing takes a few minutes to return to normal, EPOC - active recovery returns lactate and pH to normal faster than passive recovery, mainly due to keeping blood flow and ventilation elevated

Question 38

pulmonary adaptations to training

Answer 38

few pulmonary adaptations to training because CV system is primary limiter of performance, not respiratory

Question 39

O2 transport

Answer 39

- 2% in plasma establishes PO2 - 98% bound to hemoglobin - --dependent on PO2 - --cooperative binding - ------hemoglobin changes formation with unloading/loading of O2

Question 40

Hemoglobin changed formation with unloading/loading of O2

Answer 40

- as Hb binds 1 O2, Hb more readily binds more O2 | - as Hb offloads O2, O2 more easily offloads from Hb

Question 41

CO2 transport

Answer 41

- 7% in plasma establishes PCO2 - 23% bound to Hb-carbaminoHb - --Haldane Effect - 70% as bicarbonate ion - -Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction - -Chloride Shift

Question 42

Chloride Shift

Answer 42

exchange of Cl- and HCOS- between blood and RBC to maintain ionic equilibrium

Question 43

normal blood pH

Answer 43

7.4

Question 44

ph of 7.0

Answer 44

nausea, headache, dizziness, pain, in active muscles

Question 45

3 Mechanisms of pH regulation

Answer 45

1. chemical buffers 2. rapid, first line defense 3. Sodium Bicarbonate and Lactic Acid Reaction

Question 46

2 Ventilatory Regulation

Answer 46

- CO2 produced from chemical buffers can be blown off at lungs - Slower but more powerful than chemical buffers

Question 47

renal buffers

Answer 47

slowest but most powerful buffering capability | accomplished through complex reactions that secrete H+ in urine