Endocrine System Part 2

Question 1

major actions of E/NE

Answer 1

• maintain plasma glucose
• maintain blood pressure
• increase HR and force of contraction
• bronchondilation
• BF distribution vs. vasoconstriction/vasodilation
• -increase metabolic rate

Question 2

Quickest acting hormones

Answer 2

E/NE

-quickest acting hormones. activity starts within 5 seconds. max activity reached in 10-20 seconds. activity ends 1-5 minutes

Question 3

Uses alpha adrenergic receptors

Answer 3

Norepinephrine

Question 4

Uses beta adrenergic receptors

Answer 4

Epinephrine

Question 5

training effects of E/NE?

Answer 5

• at sub maximal intensities, training blunts E/NE responses

- near or at maximal intensity, training enhances E/NE responses

Question 6

Overtraining and E/NE?

Answer 6

E/NE become chronically high when overtraining

Question 7

Endocrine Parts of Pancreas?

Answer 7

Islets of Langerhans

• alpha cells
• beta cells
• gamma cells

Question 8

Which hormone is secreted by alpha cells

Answer 8

glucagon

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by beta cells

Answer 9

insulin

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by gamma cells

Answer 10

somatostatin

Question 11

Insulin is stimulated by

Answer 11

hyperglycemia

Question 12

Primary effects of insulin

Answer 12

• facilitate glucose entry into cells

- GLUT-4

Question 13

Secondary effects of insulin

Answer 13

-promote fuel synthesis and storage

Question 14

2 types of diabetes

Answer 14

Type I

Type II

Question 15

Type I Diabetes

Answer 15

• sudden onset
• autoimmune disease, sometimes associated with viral infections
• little heredity link
• destruction of beta cells (little to no insulin produced)
• average onset 14 years-juvinele diabetes
• treated with daily insulin injections

Question 16

Type II Diabetes

Answer 16

• gradual onset
• associated with obesity
• hereditity link
• “insulin resistance” usually high insulin levels
• average onset 40 years
• early stages treated with diet and exercise (lifestyle factors). drugs to increase insulin sensitivity may be used

Question 17

3 main issues with diabetes

Answer 17

1. increase blood problems
2. increase metabolism of fats (increase use of fats)
3. increase metabolism of (depletion of protein)

Question 18

increase blood problems

Answer 18

• excreted in urine when > 180 mg/dl, polyuria
• lack of energy, hunger (polyphagia)
• blood vessel damage
• inflammation, increase Hb A1C
• platelet abnormalities

Question 19

increase metabolism of fats (increase use of fats)

Answer 19

• ketone bodies: fruity breath odor; acidosis; ketonuria
• increase LDLs (artherosclerosis-MI, stroke)
• weight loss

Question 20

increase metabolism of (depletion of protein)

Answer 20

• proteinuria
• atrophy, weight loss, lack of energy
• altered organ function
• –kidney failure, blindness, etc.
• immunosuppression-poor healing

Question 21

glucagons

Answer 21

• stimulated by hypoglycemia
• acts to increase blood glucose
• increase with exercise
• trigger for exercise. release is SNS

Question 22

what happens to insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose during exercise

Answer 22

insulin decreases, glucagon increases, while blood glucose remains steady.

• exercise up-regulates receptors for insulin on muscle tissue and down-regulates elsewhere, allowing glucose uptake where needed, but yet preventing energy sparing effects of insulin
• glucagon gradually increases which increases glucose availability, allowing you to maintain plasma glucose levels despite high energy demands of exercise

Question 23

Testosterone-androgenic

Answer 23

androgenic: promotes male sexual characteristics

Question 24

Testosterone-anabolic

Answer 24

anabolic: tissue building-increase protein formation in nearly all tissues

Question 25

Anabolic and Androgenic both...

Answer 25

- both indirectly and directly through triggering GH release | - partly responsible for protein synthesis/retention and hypertrophy from resistance training

Question 26

Testosterone and bone mass

Answer 26

although testosterone decrease with age, since men maintain equal to or more than 50% testosterone secretion throughout life, men have decrease incidence of osteoporosis

Question 27

Body comp effects and Testosterone

Answer 27

responsible for increase musculature in males after puberty so males are leaner than females

Question 28

Endurance Training Effects and Testosterone

Answer 28

- resting testosterone levels in trained subjects is usually on low end of normal range - --but there is some high incidence of impotence noted, especially in endurance trained men

Question 29

Testosterone is used as a ____ aid

Answer 29

ergogenic aid

Question 30

Testosterone is used as an anti-aging drug

Answer 30

used as a "youth hormone" to increase muscle strength and vigor but with questionable results

Question 31

Major estrogen

Answer 31

B-estradiol

Question 32

Epiphyseal plate and estrogen

Answer 32

Estrogens cause epiphyseal plate closing. Women stop growing several years before men. They are shorter

Question 33

Estrogen and Na+ and H2) retention and hypertension

Answer 33

- increase metabolic rate, but not as much as testosterone - increase deposition of fat in breasts, subcutaneous tissue, buttocks, and things - cause Na+ and H2O retention, especially during pregnancy resulting in fluid retention and possible hypertension

Question 34

Female Athlete Triad

Answer 34

1. disordered eating typically cited, but now mainly believed to occur in nearly any situation where ENERGY AVAILABILITY IS LOW (maybe particularly CHOs) 2. decreasing estrogen causing abnormal menses (AMENNORHEA) 3. which then leads to OSTEOPOROSIS

Question 35

Stimuli for EPO

Answer 35

exercise and altitude are 2 common stimuli

Question 36

effect of EPO

Answer 36

-stimulare erythropoiesis (RBC production) in bone marrow

Question 37

EPO used as an ergogenic aid

Answer 37

- in endurance athletes to increase O2-carrying capacity | - illegal and dangerous

Question 38

(EPO) blood glucose during sprint

Answer 38

E/NE cause liver to release more glucose than being used by cells. Muscle glycogen mainly fueling spring. So, blood glucose increase

Question 39

(EPO) blood glucose during endurance exercise

Answer 39

blood glucose remains steady. liver's glucose release closely matches muscle's uptake until liver glycogen depleted. then, muscle glycogen and blood glucose get low and fatigue occurs