Final Period 1 Flashcards
(34 cards)
The Renaissance (c. 1350–1600)
Where: Begins in Italy-Italian Cities States like Florence etc, spreads north.
Why: Urban centers, wealthy patrons (like the Medici), access to classical texts.
Art: Use of perspective, realism, glorification of the human form.
Italian Renaissance Art
Focus: Human body, classical themes, balance, realism.
Characteristics:
Use of linear perspective (depth).
Chiaroscuro – use of light and shadow.
Classical influence – Roman/Greek themes.
Religious subjects in humanized, idealized forms.
Key Renaissance Artists:
Leonardo da Vinci – The Last Supper, Mona Lisa.
Michelangelo – David, Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Raphael – School of Athens.
Northern Renaissance Art
Focus: Detail, domestic interiors, religious symbolism.
Characteristics:
Oil painting – rich colors, fine detail.
Less emphasis on classical antiquity.
Everyday life and moral themes.
Northern Renaissance Artist
Jan van Eyck – Arnolfini Portrait.
Albrecht Dürer – woodcuts and engravings.
Hieronymus Bosch – surreal religious scenes (Garden of Earthly Delights).
Humanism
Focus on classical texts, secularism, and the potential of man
ie- Michangelo’s David
Civic Humanism
Applying humanist ideas to politics and society (e.g., Bruni, Machiavelli).
Ie-Thomas More – Utopia a book about a ideal society
Machiavelli’s the prince
Spread of Renaissance to the North
Via trade, printing press (Gutenberg, c. 1450).
Focus more on Christian Humanism (reforming Church and society).
⚖️ Impact of the Renaissance
Challenged Church authority → influenced Reformation.
Shift from feudalism to centralized monarchies.
Sparked scientific inquiry → Scientific Revolution.
Encouraged exploration and secular learning.
Why Italy? (Renaissance)
Urbanization: City-states (Florence, Venice, Milan) were wealthy.
Trade routes brought wealth and ideas.
Classical heritage (Rome nearby).
Political competition led to patronage of the arts.
✝️ The Protestant Reformation (1517–1648)
Causes:
Corruption in the Church:
Simony, pluralism, absenteeism, indulgences (paying for salvation).
Printing press (c. 1450) spread reform ideas quickly.
Humanism: Encouraged independent thinking and return to early Christian sources.
Weakening of the Papacy: Great Schism, Babylonian Captivity.
1517 – Martin Luther posts 95 Theses
Criticized indulgences and papal authority.
Sparked a break from the Catholic Church.
1521 – Diet of Worms
Luther refused to recant (“Here I stand”).
Declared an Outlaw by Charles V. and a heretic
1524–25 – German Peasants’ Revolt
Inspired by Luther’s ideas of equality before God.
Luther condemned the revolt; supported princes instead.
Result: German princes crushed the revolt.
1534 – Act of Supremacy (England)
Henry VIII breaks from Rome; makes himself head of Church of England.
Starts English Reformation, mostly political at first.
French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
Valois Catholics vs. Bourbon Huguenots.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): Thousands of Huguenots murdered in Paris.
War of the Three Henrys: Civil war between Henry III (moderate), Henry of Guise (ultra-Catholic), and Henry of Navarre (Huguenot).
Henry IV (of Navarre) won:
Converted to Catholicism: “Paris is worth a Mass.”
Edict of Nantes signed 1598
Edict of Nantes (1598):
Gave limited toleration to Huguenots (revoked in 1685).
Dutch Revolt (1568–1648)
Calvinist Dutch vs. Catholic Spain (Philip II).
Led by William of Orange.
Union of Utrecht (1579): Northern provinces declared independence.
Resulted in the Dutch Republic, formally recognized by Treaty of Westphalia (1648).
Catholic Reformation / Counter-Reformation
The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming internal abuses, reaffirming core doctrines, and stopping the spread of Protestantism. It began in the mid-16th century and lasted into the 17th century.
Council of Trent (1545–1563)
Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines:
7 sacraments
Transubstantiation
Authority of Church & tradition
Reforms:
Banned simony, better clergy education.
Seminaries created to train priests.
Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
Founded by Ignatius Loyola.
Goals:
Education (Jesuit schools/universities)
Missionary work (Asia, Americas)
Combat Protestantism
Other Measures to Prevent reformation
Roman Inquisition: Tried heretics.
Index of Forbidden Books: Censored Protestant and humanist works.
Schmalkaldic Wars (1531–1555)
Lutheran princes vs. Charles V (Catholic HRE).
Peace of Augsburg (1555):
“Cuius regio, eius religio”: Ruler chooses the state’s religion (Catholic or Lutheran only).
No recognition of Calvinists or Anabaptists.
Causes of Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
Takes place in HRE
Causes
1. Religious Tensions
After the Peace of Augsburg (1555):
Princes could choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for their state.
Calvinism was not recognized → increased friction.
Catholic Habsburgs vs. Protestant nobles.
