final practical

Question 1

aseptic technique is a technique used to prevent…

Answer 1

microbial contamination

Question 2

what does aseptic technique entail?

Answer 2

being ready for experiment by having a sterile environment and wearing personal protective gear. being neat and organized and washing your hands

Question 3

how many feet must you work within the bunsen burner?

Answer 3

1.5 to 2 feet. also don’t forget to flame everything prior to inoculation.

Question 4

c1v1 = c2v2

Answer 4

c1=stock concentration v1=added volume c2=desired concentration v2=total volume

Question 5

1% =

Answer 5

1.0g/100ml

Question 6

compound microscope use what as the source of illumination? who invented microscope?

Answer 6

light; antony van leeuwenhoek with a mag of 270x

Question 7

ocular lens

Answer 7

enlarges primary image of the specimen. 10x magnification.

Question 8

objective lens

Answer 8

produces the primary image. 10x, 40x, 100x.

Question 9

use safety goggles when..

Answer 9

using flame, hot plate, or any kind of chemical

Question 10

where do you dispose the serological pipettes?

Answer 10

tips down in the pipette jar

Question 11

magnification? resolution? limit?

Answer 11

how much an image in enlarged, detail of the image, 2um

Question 12

what arrangements do cocci come in? rods?

Answer 12

single, pair, tetrad, chain and clusters. single, chain.

Question 13

what is the proper storage of a microscope?

Answer 13

stage is flushed and all the way down, objective lens at 4x, the cord wrapped, and light off.

Question 14

“The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely large”

Answer 14

Luis Pasteur

Question 15

Microbes include:

Answer 15

Bacteria/archea, protozoa, viruses, fungus, unicellular algae

Question 16

what does one need to provide microbes in order for them to grow?

Answer 16

adequate nutrition, and suitable growth environment conditions

Question 17

many species of bacteria may be present in the environment in physiological state. we call this

Answer 17

viable but nonculturable

Question 18

Good places we find microbes:

Answer 18

agriculture, biotechnology, food, environment

Question 19

bad places we find microbes:

Answer 19

food spoilage, food poisoning, diseases: epidemics/pandemics, std

Question 20

what grows on agar to show us number and variety of microbes present?

Answer 20

colonies

Question 21

what is using a single dye to see general morphology, shape, and arrangement of cells?

Answer 21

simple staining (use crystal violet or carbol-fuchsin

Question 22

differential staining? structural staining?

Answer 22

gram staining, spore/flagella staining

Question 23

a suspension of cells in water, which is dried on a slide

Answer 23

smear

Question 24

what microscope magnification can you see bacteria? protozoa?

Answer 24

1000x, 100-400x

Question 25

p

Answer 25

staphylococcus, e coli

Question 26

p

Answer 26

arechea: halococcus 1000x

Question 27

p

Answer 27

protozoa: chlorella 1000x

Question 28

p

Answer 28

Euglena 400x

Question 29

p

Answer 29

fungi: penicillium 400x

Question 30

what are the 6 basic nutritional requirements?

Answer 30

energy, carbon, nitrogen, vitamins, minerals, water

Question 31

what is a medium with known amount of specific chemical substances?

Answer 31

Synthetic medium or chemically defined medium

Question 32

what is common organic media called? exact chemical composition not known

Answer 32

non-synthetic or complex media

Question 33

what is used for isolation of various species by promoting growth of desired organisms and inhibiting growth of others?

Answer 33

selective media, MacConkey bile

Question 34

what supports growth of different organisms?

Answer 34

differential medium, macConkey lactose

Question 35

what utilizes inorganic compounds as nutrient source? what utilizes organic compounds?

Answer 35

autotrophs (nitrogen, CO2), heterotroph (carbon, glucose)

Question 36

where do phototrophs get energy? chemotrophs?

Answer 36

light, chemicals

Question 37

what is the most common pure culture technique?

Answer 37

single colony isolation

Question 38

how does one get rid of the microbes in media?

Answer 38

sterilization

Question 39

what sterilization technique is used when using heat and pressure?

Answer 39

autoclaving: 121\*C, 15psi, 15 minutes

Question 40

1%= , c1,c2

Answer 40

1.0g/100ml v1,v2

Question 41

what is this technique? darken the background, and leave the cells colorless, helps to see shape and size of cell

Answer 41

negative staining

Question 42

what stains negatively charged cells?

Answer 42

positive staining

Question 43

to differentiate gram positive we use...

Answer 43

CV then wash with iodine. its purple

Question 44

to differentiate gram negative we use...

Answer 44

safranin

Question 45

what are the two genera that have the most spore forming bacteria?

Answer 45

Bacillus and clostridium

Question 46

how do we stain spores?

Answer 46

use steam to force malachite green into em.

Question 47

what are three other ways to identify bacteria?

Answer 47

cultural characteristics: who they grow on media, motility, biochemical reactions: ability to ferment or use enzymes

Question 48

what are the four types of flagella

Answer 48

p

Question 49

Fermentative reaction test:

Answer 49

sugar fermentation, indole, MR-VP, nitrate reduction, citrate utilization, hydrogen sulfide tests.

Question 50

enzyme production test

Answer 50

starch hydrolysis, catalase, oxidase, urease, gelatin hydrolysis

Question 51

what were the sugar tests? how could you tell there was a positive result for fermentation?

Answer 51

glucose, lactose, mannitol, sucrose. changes from green to yellow

Question 52

what amino acid is broken down into indole? what test do we use to prove?

Answer 52

tryptone, kovac reagent test is used, a red ring forms at the top

Question 53

MR stands for

Answer 53

methyl red

Question 54

VP stands for

Answer 54

Voges-Proskauer: alpha-napthol and KOH

Question 55

1st nitrite test: add SA+DMN

Answer 55

turns red positive

Question 56

2nd nitrate test: add zinc dust

Answer 56

turns red positive

Question 57

3rd N2 test

Answer 57

gas formed

Question 58

what does the presence of urease do?

Answer 58

turns urea to ammonia. bright pink positive test

Question 59

what does hydrogen sulfide react with to form a positive test?

Answer 59

iron salts. turns black

Question 60

what is the positive test for gelatinase?

Answer 60

gelatin was hydrolyzed, meaning it can digest protein

Question 61

citrate utilization test

Answer 61

green to blue

Question 62

what enzyme hydrolyzes starch?

Answer 62

amylase: starch to glucose

Question 63

how can you tell an organism has oxidase?

Answer 63

addition of dimethyl or tetraethyl-phenylenediamine turns the sample dark blue

Question 64

most aerobic species produce what enzyme that decomposes H2O2 at the end of their electron-transport-system

Answer 64

catalase. formation of bubbles

Question 65

beta hymolysis, alpha, gamma

Answer 65

clear, green, none. detection of hemolytic activity.

Question 66

what are the 4 major environmental conditions

Answer 66

temp. ph, osmotic pressure, and oxygen content

Question 67

psychrophile, mesophile, thermophile/hyperthermophile

Answer 67

below 15\*C, 20-45\*C, 50-80\*C+

Question 68

cell shrinkage, salt is added

Answer 68

hypertonic

Question 69

cell swells from being placed into distilled water

Answer 69

hypotonic

Question 70

water moves in and out equally

Answer 70

isotonic

Question 71

require salt concentration between .2-10%

Answer 71

halophile

Question 72

need salt concentration between 10-20%

Answer 72

extreme halophile

Question 73

require oxygen level to be lower than atmospheric level in order to grow

Answer 73

microaerophile

Question 74

prefer oxygen for growth, but can live in absence

Answer 74

facultative

Question 75

three step procedure for multiple tube method

Answer 75

presumtive, confirmative, completed