Final Practical Exam

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

A section of DNA that codes for a particular trait. One from each parent.

Question 2

Alleles

Answer 2

Alternate genes

Question 3

Locus

Answer 3

A specific location

Question 4

Errors during DNA replication and Mutations

Answer 4

Result from environmental agents such as UV light, nuclear radiation or certain chemicals.

Question 5

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 5

Show differences in DNA sequences between individuals.

Molecules produced by bacteria that attach to DNA at particular sites.

Question 6

Electrophoresis

Answer 6

DNA fingerprinting involves the analysis of DNA fragments of different sizes

Question 7

Recognition Sites

Answer 7

Where the molecules attach to DNA and cleave it.

Question 8

Which pole do DNA migrate to?

Answer 8

Positive pole; place them on the negative side.

Question 9

How do different sizes migrate in agarose?

Answer 9

Larger molecules do not move well. Smaller molecules have less friction and travel farther down the agarose.

Question 10

Concentration and pores in agarose

Answer 10

The higher the concentration of agarose, the smaller the pores.
The lower the concentration, the larger the pores.

Question 11

What is the best resolution for electrophoresis

Answer 11

lower voltages and longer run times.

Question 12

agarose solution concentrations

Answer 12

x% = x g/100 ml

Question 13

Power supply

Answer 13

Emits electrical current

Question 14

Buffer

Answer 14

Carries electrical current

Question 15

Comb

Answer 15

Creates wells in gel

Question 16

Enzymes

Answer 16

Proteins that act as catalysts for biological reactions that bind directly to a substrate molecule.

Question 17

Substrate

Answer 17

Catechol

Question 18

enzyme used

Answer 18

potato, polyphenoloxidase extract

Question 19

Why use a spectrophotometer with enzyme catalysis?

Answer 19

When oxidized, catechol produces o-quinone and produces colored products. Can be measured by Absorbance.

Question 20

Enzymes and temperature

Answer 20

When hot, denatures, no results.
When cold, very slow reactions due to low energy.
When RT, reacts normally.

Question 21

Catabolic process

Answer 21

The breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones in living organisms, with the release of energy.

Question 22

Cellular Respiration

Answer 22

The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances

Question 23

Fermentation

Answer 23

The process by which complex organic compounds, such as glucose, are broken down by the action of enzymes into simpler compounds without the use of oxygen.

Question 24

Formula for Cellular Respiration

Answer 24

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + Energy (including ATP)

Question 25

Formula for Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 25

C6 H12 O6 --> 2 C2 H5 OH + 2 CO2 + Energy

Question 26

Monosaccharides

Answer 26

metabolic fuels like glucose and fructose

Question 27

Disaccharides

Answer 27

sucrose

Question 28

polysaccharides

Answer 28

starch

Question 29

What gets oxidized

Answer 29

Succinate oxidizes to Fumarate

Question 30

What gets reduced

Answer 30

FAD reduces to FADH2 | DPIP also gets reduced

Question 31

Color of DPIP

Answer 31

When oxidized, blue. | When reduced, colorless.

Question 32

Photosynthesis

Answer 32

Synthesis of complex organic materials from CO2, H2O using sunlight as the source of energy and with the aid of chlorophyll and associated pigments.

Question 33

Formula for Photosynthesis

Answer 33

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light --> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

Question 34

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Answer 34

In the chloroplasts of eukaryotes | In cell membranes of some prokaryotes

Question 35

Light reactions

Answer 35

- Convert solar energy to chemical energy in form of NADPH and ATP - Take place in thylakoid membrane - H2O is split

Question 36

Light independent reactions

Answer 36

- Convert CO2 to glucose using chemical energy. | - Take place in stroma of the chloroplast.

Question 37

Pigments in chloroplast

Answer 37

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Xanthophylls B-Carotene

Question 38

Polar

Answer 38

Exhibiting polarity; an aqueous solvent, or chromatography paper.

Question 39

Non-polar

Answer 39

Not polar; Organic solvent

Question 40

Polarity on paper

Answer 40

Polar pigments will stick to the paper and non-polar pigments will be dissolved.