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Biology Lab > Midterm Practical Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Practical Exam Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Steps to Scientific Method

A

OHPEC,

Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Conclusion

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

must be falsifiable

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3
Q

Factors

A

Must be measurable

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4
Q

Control

A

Used to minimized unintended influences

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5
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable being measured/tested

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6
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variables controlled by investigator.

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7
Q

Beakers

A

Do not measure volume accurately

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8
Q

% Error

A

[ ( | measured volume-theoretical volume | ) / theoretical volume ] x100

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9
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

Measures either amount of light absorbed or the amount of light transmitted.

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10
Q

Magnification

A

The number of times larger an image appears than its real size

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11
Q

Total Magnification

A

Objective x ocular

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12
Q

Resolution

A

the effectiveness by which two points can be perceived as distinct

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13
Q

Contrast

A

The difference between the light and dark areas of an image; higher contrast means more difference.

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14
Q

Refraction

A

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another such that the speed of light changes

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15
Q

Index of refraction

A

A physical property defined by the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium

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16
Q

Field of View (FOV)

A

Unknown=(mag. of “known” lens/ mag. of “unknown” lens) x known diameter of fov

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17
Q

empirically

A

through use of observations

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18
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

The pattern of light absorption over a range of wavelengths for a particular substance.

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19
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Dissecting and Compound; use lenses to magnify and focus light through an object.

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20
Q

Dissecting Microscope

A

Used to examine the surface of small organisms such as insects to large cells

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21
Q

Advantage to Dissecting Microscope

A

Provides a 3D view of relatively low magnification.

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22
Q

Compound Microscope

A

Provides much greater magnification and is used to view thinly sliced tissues, individual cells, and even subcellular structures of some cells.

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23
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Scanning and Transmission; Uses electromagnets rather than lenses to magnify and focus beams of electrons. Must be dead Organisms.

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24
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

Can produce views of the surface of cells, much like a dissecting microscope.

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25
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Provides High resolution, 2D views of thinly sliced cells and is like a compound microscope.
26
Hold a microscope by it's:
Arm and Base
27
Ocular Lenses
Eyepiece which magnify 10x
28
Objective Lenses
Provide most of the magnification. 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
29
Revolving Nosepiece
Where the fours objective lenses are placed.
30
Stage
Platform below the objectives
31
Condenser
Helps concentrate the light from the illuminator
32
Illuminator
Light source
33
Focusing knobs
Coarse adjust (larger) and fine adjust (smaller)
34
Prokaryotic cells
Have genetic material that is not enclosed by a membrane.
35
Cytosol
The cell's aqueous interior
36
Cell wall
Exterior surface in prokaryotes and plant cells.
37
Bacteria
The most common prokaryote
38
Nucleus
Where eukaryotic cells enclose their DNA. Membrane-bound.
39
How eukaryotes divide
Mitosis
40
How prokaryotes divide
Binary Fission
41
Organelles
Additional membrane-bound compartments including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
42
Prokaryotes size
1-10 um
43
Eukaryotes size
10-100 um
44
Protists
The microscope inhabitants of pond water. Single celled eukaryotes.
45
E. Coli
Bacteria that is abundant in the human intestine
46
Lactobacillus
The bacterium that makes yogurt
47
Cyanobacteria
Lengthy chain of cells- photosynthetic prokaryotes
48
Elodea
Aquatic plant with leaves made up of two layers of cells.
49
Cytoplasm
All material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
50
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Helps to speed transport of nutrients and other material throughout the cell beyond the rate of simple diffusion.
51
Central Vacuoles
Effectively reduce volume, balancing a cell's surface area-to-volume ratio.
52
Potatoes
Store food energy in the form of the carb starch in organelles called amyloplasts
53
Cell
Basic unit of life; smallest structure that can perform life functions.
54
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
``` P- No nucleus, nucleoid. P- no organelles P- 1-10 um E- Nucleus E- Organelles E- 10-100 um ```
55
Bacteria cell wall composition
Peptidoglycan (murein), polysaccharide made of 2 monosaccharides.
56
Plants cell wall composition
Cellulose, poly made of single mono (glucose)
57
Fungi membrane composition
Chitin, poly made of single mono (N-acetyl glucosamine -NAG)
58
Endosymbiont Theory
1-10 um, double membranes, have own DNA
59
"blue-green algae"
Cyanobacteria
60
Amoeba
Protist, no cell wall, pseudopodia, moves away from light.
61
Pseudopodia
False Feet
62
Amoeboid Movement
Using pseudopodia to move through cytoplasmic streaming
63
Contractile Vacuole
Expels water in a cell by osmoregulation.
64
Paramecium
Protist, use cilia to move.
65
Hypermastigote
Protists that reside within termites. Digest wood, cellulose. Have spirochetes, beat to move (not cilia)
66
Diffusion
A random movement toward a state of equilibrium. When a substance moves from high to low concentration. DOWN concentration gradient
67
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
68
Hypertonic
A solution with higher solute concentration than another solution; water flows in
69
Hypotonic
A solution with lower solute conc than another solution; water flows out.
70
Isotonic
Solutions with equal solute conc.
71
Animals Osmosis
No protection in hypotonic, it will burst. Shrivels up in hypertonic.
72
Plants osmosis
uses cell walls to keep in tact in hypotonic.
73
pH
A measure of the conc of hydrogen ions in a sol.
74
pH = 7
neutral
75
pH
acidic
76
pH > 7
basic
77
pH formula
-log[H+]
78
Standard curve
A plot of a series of samples with known conc of substance against their relative absorbances.
79
DNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid; part of a chromosome.
80
DNA structure
Polymer made of 2 chains in shape of a double helix.
81
DNA chains
Polynucleotides; each made up of a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.
82
Polypeptide backbone
made up of repeating phosphate-sugar units.
83
Phosphate groups
each have one negative charge, DNA is acidic, thus hydrophobic.
84
Purine
2 fused rings; | Adenine & Guanine
85
Pyrimidine
1 ring; | Cytosine & Thymine
86
Nitrogenous pairs
Purine and Pyrimidine; A - T (2 H bonds) G - C (3 H bonds)
87
Shampoo
breaks open the cells and dissolves the membranes
88
Baking soda
maintains pH
89
Isopropanol
Precipitates DNA (DNA will clump together)
90
NaCl (sodium chloride)
helps precipitate DNA by neutralizing negative charges (prevents DNA from repelling each other)
91
UV Spectrophotometer
Measure absorbance of UV lights, can determine amount of DNA.
92
DNA peak absorbance
260 nm
93
Estimate of DNA
OD(260)x50 (ug)
94
Protein peak absorbance
280 nm
95
Purity of prep
A(260)/A(280)

Biology Lab (2 decks)

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