final prep Flashcards
1
Q
components of the male reproductive system
A
scrotum testis penis urethra accessory glands
2
Q
scrotum
A
pouch of skin that protects the testis
divided into two portions
line dividing them is called the SEPTUM
3
Q
testis
A
located outside the body
housed in the scrotum
needed to be outside due to temperature regulation
4
Q
what is the negative effect of heat to testicles
A
kill off sperm
5
Q
why are testicles separated by the septum
A
to localize infection or injury if occurred in one it may not transfer to another
6
Q
how are testicles supported/protected in the scrotum
A
covered in skin
2 layers of muscle underneath
dartos is smooth muscle
cresmaster is skeletal layer
7
Q
what is the function of muscle layers in the scrotum
A
muscles - dartos and cresmaster
pull the testes upward against the body to keep them warm and to save them from freezing
the cresmaster is a branch of the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen
8
Q
where to the blood vessels, nerves, arteries and veins run through
A
spermatic cord
9
Q
where does the spermatic cord run through
A
the inguilinal ring
if you cause injury or hernia occur do to muscle opening from where testis drop - ring is a weak point for males
10
Q
tunica vaginalis
A
layer of a serous membrane formed from the peritonitum outside the body surrounding the testical previously was a internal serous membrane
11
Q
tunica albugina
A
sub divides into lobules, draws inwards + makes a division in lobules the SEMINIFERIOUS TUBULE
12
Q
seminiferious tubule
A
is there to create sperm from day to day
13
Q
the journey of sperm
A
sperm is created in the seminiferious tuble,
once made the go to the straight tubule, then to the retee teste —- movement possible due to smooth muscle contraction, move to efferent ductus to epidymis ( mature in the epidimysis) - once ready to leave they go to the ductus deferns
14
Q
layers of reproductive system
A
mucosal
muscularis
adventia
15
Q
where do sperm enter when they are ready to leave the body
A
ductus deferns
16
Q
does the epididymis move sperm better then the ductus deferns
A
no! the ductus deferens is more efficient at moving sperm
17
Q
ductus deferens
A
takes sperm from testicle to the outside world has three layers of muscle longitutidional circular longitutidonal
urthera runs through the center
18
Q
penis is broken down into 3 parts
A
root - attached to body
shaft - the main body of the penis
glands penis - head
19
Q
penis function
A
introduce sperm to female
20
Q
in a cross section of the penis there are 3 compartments
A
a pair of corpora cavernous - have large blood vessels to cause irrection - spongy filled with blood to create pressure (x2)
corpa spongisosum - where the urethra runs through
controlled by the parasympathetic division of the nervous system
21
Q
what is a joint
A
where two or more bones attach
they help with movement, mobility, and shock absorption
joints hold us together - act a connection
22
Q
how are joints classified
A
by structure and movement type
23
Q
types of joints
A
fibrious
cartligionious
synovial
24
Q
what is the most common kind of joint
A
synovial
25
what are the varieties of joint movements
synarthroses - immoveable
amiarthroses - slightly moveable
diathroses - freely moveable
26
fibrous joint
lots of fibres
dense connective tissue - regular or irregular
gives tensile strength
rare joint type
lack a joint cavity
bones will be attached and held together by collagen fibers
27
cartilaginous joints
held together by hyaline or fibro cartilage
have no joint cavity
collagen fibers present
synathroses or ampiarthroses
28
synovial joints
```
have a large joint cavity
different in structure
freely moveable
a lot of movement occurs
have synovial fluid inside them
```
bones meet at the ends and are covered in articular fibres
dense regular or dense irregular tissue
29
what is the capsule called that holds synovial joints together
articular capsule
30
common movements used by synovial joints (8)
```
gliding
flexion
extension
hyper extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
rotation
```
31
gliding
occurs when one flat bone surface glides over another without rotation
wrist movement
32
flexion
bending movement along the sagittal plane decreasing the angle of the joint - example bending the head and neck forward to make the angle smaller
33
extension
reverse of flexion - increases angle of join, typically straightens a flexed limb
34
hyper extension
movement past the anatomical position - a further branch of extension
35
abduction
away from the midline along the frontal plane - abduction away
36
adduction
moving toward
| movement of a limb toward the body midline
37
circumduction
is moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space
38
rotation
turning of a bone on its own long axis - turns towards or away from the body
39
how do you get movements to occur in a joint?
attach the joint to a muscle
40
what kind of tissues make up a ligament and why ?
bbbb
41
dense irregular fibers
run in one direction
42
dense irregular fibers
run in multiple directions
43
what direction do joints move in
many
44
synovial membranes
are made of connective tissue LOOSE AREOLAR
have lots of matrix
good at transporting
have lots of mast cells
macphrophages are present to help with imflammation
this reduces friction to elimate wear and tear and debrie from becoming present.
45
does phagocytosis occur in synovial joints
yes the synovial fluid lubricates the joint to reduce friction
46
why are synovial membranes made of loose areolar connective tissue?
the LA CT filters blood to produce synovial fluid
47
what is the consistency of synovial fluid?
egg white
48
where does synovial fluid go?
fluid is absorbed by hyaline cartilage
49
where do chondrocytes and extracellular matrix go
matrix is absorbed into the end of your bones - squeezes in and out as you are relax or stress your joints (sitting vs standing)
50
functions of muscles
```
movement
warmth (skeletal)
facial expressions (movement)
protection
stabilization of joints
maintain posture
```
51
type of muscle tissue
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
52
cardiac muscle
heart - movement
53
skeletal muscle
bones - movement
54
smooth muscle
reproductive, urinary, skin, blood vessels, respiratory, digestive tract - used for movement
55
general characteristics of muscles
```
packed full of proteins
have a good blood supply
tightly packed cells - very cellular
not much matrix
lots of nerves
glucose + ATP
```
56
temporalis
L - by the side of the head lateral to the eyes
O - temporal fossa
I - coronoid process of the mandible via a tendon that passes deep to the zygomatic arch
M - closes the jaw - elevates and retracts the mandible
57
external oblique
L - lateral abdominal muscles
*** largest most superficial of three muscles ***
O - by fleshy strips from outer surfaces of lower 8 ribs
I - most fibers insert into lined alba some insert into pubic crest
M - rotating trunk + flexing laterally
58
deltoid
L - shoulder muscle
O -embraces insertion of the trapezious lateral to the clavical
I - deltoid tuberosity of humerous
M - prime mover of the arm abduction when all fibers contract
59
Pectoralis major
L - large fan muscle; superior portion of the chest
O -sternal end of clavicle - strunum cartilage of ribs 1-6
I - insert to short tendon into intertuburclular sulcus and greater tubercle of humerus
M - abducts and medially rotates arm
60
latissimus dorsi
L - lower back broad flat muscle
O - indirect attachment of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae lower 3-4 ribs, iliac crest
I - spirals around teres major to insert floor of intertubercular sulcus
M - prime mover of the arm extension. powerful arm abductor medially rotates arm at shoulder
61
triceps brachii
L - large fleshy muscle posterior part of the arm (3 headed origin)
O - long head infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, posterior shaft of humerus, medial head distal to radial groove
I - by common tendon into olecranon of ulna
M - powerful forearm extension
62
gluteus maximus
L - forms a mass of buttocks - bum
O - dorsal illium, sacrum, and coccyx
I - gluteal tuberosity of femur iliotubial tract
M - major extensor of thigh
63
biceps femoris
L - most lateral muscle of the group arises from two heads
O - ischial tuberosity (long head); linea aspera, lateral supraccdynlar line, and distal to femur (short head)
I - common tendon passes downward and laterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to insert head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
M - extends thigh and flexes legs; laterally rotates leg especially when knee is flexed
64
what are the three types of muscles
smooth
cardiac
skeletal
65
skeletal muscle
```
**** also called striated muscle ****
due to the appearance of stripes
have lots of protein fibers
actin and miacin are present
cause muscles to contract (slide past eachother)
long + thin muscles
overlap each other
they are multinucleated (an advantage)
aids in coping of RNA and protein fibers
cylindrical
voluntary control
attached to bones or in the skin
```
66
cardiac muscles
```
striated
uni nucleated (one per cell)
actin +myocin - cause contactions
overlapping filaments
intercalated disc present - where they join together
cells can branch
located in the walls of the heart
interdiginate at specialized junction
```
67
3 major difference between cardiac and skeletal muscles
1. nucleus - one per cell - cardiac, where as skeletal muscle is mulitnucliated
2. cardiac can branch, where skeletal cannot
3. intercalated discs present in cardiac muscle
68
smooth muscle
```
don't have striations
not over lapping proteins
have actin and myosin
organized differently
involuntary
unicellular
located in blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary, reproductive
forms sheets and propels stuff
walls of hallow organs
```
69
actin + myosin
fibers in all muscle cells
these allow contractions of the muscle
are arranged in tidy lines, fibers slide over each other * causing contractions
70
skeletal muscles are named by
```
location
shape
size (s, m, l)
directions of fibers
origin
attachment
function
```
71
neuroglia cells
astrocytes - wrap around capillaries
- make them impermeable
- CNS
microglial cells - act like macphropages
- CNS
ependymial cells - circulate cerebro spinal fluid
- CNS
schwan cells - speed up action potential
- PNS, make up the myelin sheath
72
neurons
are responsible for electrical messages being sent
73
what are the 3 parts of neuron
1. dendrites - 100's
2. body (cell) - 1
3. axon - 1
74
dendrites
collect info - inwards
75
cell body
nucleus, mitochondria (all organelles)
76
axon
generates electrical messages action potential - out
77
characteristics of nervous tissue
```
has lots of cells
not much ECF
neurons or neuroglial cells
extracellular matrix
very vascular - uses tons of energy
keep toxins away from brain tissues
```
78
the brain and spinal cord are protected by
cerebrospinal fluid and 3 meninges
79
cerebrospinal fluid
protects - cushions the brain
provides nutrients to the brain
made by filtering blood
makes the brain lighter and able to float
80
meninges of the brain (3)
protect the brain - thin membranes separated by fluids
81
meninge layers
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
82
mininge layer - dura mater
2 layers of connective tissue
fibrous
broke into peritoneal layer - attaches the bone to skull and then lower layer is the menigal layer - helps to hold the brain in place
83
meninges layer - arachnoid mater
single layer separated by a small space called subderal space ----> no cerebrospinal fluid
84
meninges layer - pia mater
stuck onto the brain follows the grooves and into all folds of the brain
85
what are the spaces in the brain meninges called ?
sagittal sinus - filled with venous blood - collected + pool, drains back to juggler veins heart and play a role in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
86
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater is called
subarachnoid space - houses cerebrospinal fluid has lots of blood vessels and astrocytes as well
87
functions of the nervous system
1. brings in information
2. sends information out
3. processes information
88
sensory receptors
eyes, ears, nose
89
afferent
sensory nerve information in - division of the CNS
90
efferent
sensory nerve information out - division of the CNS
91
effectors are
muscles or glands
92
autonomic nerves =
involuntary - goes through cardiac and smooth muscle glands
93
how is the nervous system divided
CNS = brain and spinal cord
PNS -- senory (afferent) ------ motor (efferent)
l
somatic autonomic
l
sympathetic parasymphetic
94
two principle types of cells in the nervous system
neurons - transmit messages, electrical messages, create action potential
neuroglial cells - supportive cells
- found in the CNS
astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal
95
brain holes are called
ventricles - they are fluid filled spaced where you make cerebrospinal fluid
96
CSF is made by
choroid plexus
97
astrocytes control
vast amounts of selectively permeable capillaries
98
blood brain barrier
brain is made of simple squamous epithelium - joints of cells are leaky astrocytes keep junctions of cells tight
substances that pass through are small and non polar substances - alcohol and drugs
99
what are the spinal regions
```
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
coccygeal
sacrum
```
100
what are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves ?
***** refer back to chapter summary ****
101
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system
circulates blood
provides oxygen and nutrients and amino acids around the body and away from the heart
helps aid in the digestion and brings cO2 away
102
what is the pathway that blood follows in the heart
?????
103
the cardiovascular system is composed of
heart, blood vessels, - arteries, capillaries, and veins
104
coverings of the heart
serous membrane (ET) - produce serous fluid to eliminate friction
105
protection for the heart
1. from the outside in
fibrous pericardium made of dense fibrous CT
function: strong + collagen - attaches heart - anchored
protection - prevents over load of blood
106
protective layers of the heart including all coverings
2. parietal layers of serous pericardium - line cavity and covers the organs
3. pericardial cavity is where serous fluid is stored
107
included in the protective coverings but also part of the heart wall 4-6
4. epicardium - first layer of heart wall - firmly stuck onto the heart
5. myocardium - cardiac muscle varied thickness due to blood passing left is thicker because it is systematic and pumps throughout body through arteries
6. lining of the heart = endocardium made of smooth tissues ---> do not want to trigger platlet plug or clotting cascade - made of simple squamous epithelium
108
location + function of the heart
atria / ventricle
enterance to the pulmonary artery
aorta enterence
found to prevent back flow
109
what is the function of a heart valve
to prevent back flow of blood, usually found in blood vessels
110
when do arteries get most of there blood ?
when they are relaxed
111
what are the 3 types of blood vessels
arteries, veins and capillaries
112
arteries ---
can constrict and contract -
inner most layer : tunica intima
middle layer: tunica media - smooth muscle+ elastic connective tissue - to be able to stretch
outer layer: tunica externa - lumen
*** all are lines, endothelial layer made of simple squamous epithelium, needs to be smooth to avoid clotting or platelet plug from occurring***
113
capillaries ----
single layer + endo, no muscle tissue
114
veins ---
tunica intima
tunica media
lumen (larger)
have valves - not much smooth muscle
tunica externa has collagen fibers - with great tensile strength - not as wide
* need constriction (arterols) these help to maintain BP
115
tissue blood --
made of plasma
and formed elements
plasma is 90% water - electrolytes and molecules
116
RBC's
transport O2
117
WBC's
part of the immune system
118
why do we have a respiratory system ?
1. gas exchange - O2 in CO2 out
mucus membrane helps to fight off infection
2. need O2 and glucose to produce ATP - energy
pseudo stratified epithelium
3. acid base balance
119
components of the respiratory system
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
- larynx
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchus
- lungs
120
paranasal sinus
what do you do ??
121
pharynx
passage way for air, upper, lower and middle - have good flow for air and food passing
uppermost is called nasopharynx
middle is called oropharynx
lowest is called laryngophyrnx
122
nasopharynx
part of the nose
transmit air to the rest of the body
have pharengeal tonsils - help remove air born viruses ONLY
immunity response
123
oropharynx
oral
stratified squamous
tonsils of the mouth - palentine
lymph nodes fight infection - lingual tonsils
124
laryngophryx
behind the larynx - lower level
becomes esophagus
no specialized structure
lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect with multi layers - good for food travel
125
what is the function of the uvula
to prevent food from coming out your nose and keeping food out of your wind pipe
126
where does the pharynx come out of
the esophagus
127
what tissue do you not want where food is present
pseudo stratified epithelium
128
larynx
```
plays a large in speaking
keeps air way open
9 pieces of cartaliage
vocal cords are here
made of hyaline - 8 of 9
3 of 9 are single and large
3 pairs of two (6 of 9) these are small and are unnamed
```
129
single laryngeal cartilage
thyroid cartilage - large: where the thyroid sits, helps keep airway open, houses vocal cords - hyaline
cricoid cartilage - keeps airway open connects larynx to trachea, made of hyaline cartilage.
epiglottitis - prevents fluids and foods from entering the larynx and trachea, flexible, elastic cartilage
covered in taste buds
130
paired laryngeal cartilage
3 pairs
support vocal cords
made of connective tissue
they vibrate when air is leaving the lungs - during expiration
this helps to prevent food from going into the respiratory tract
relax to let air in
opening is called the GLOTISIS
and is only open when relaxed
131
what is the larynx lined with
stratified squamous epithelium - upper
132
what is the lower larynx lined with
pseudo stratified epithelium - lower
133
trachea
otherwise known as the wind pipe
from the larynx to bronchus
passage way for air made of cartilage - hyaline
C shaped
back has smooth muscle attachment to allow for expansion while swallowing food
134
what is the trachea lined with
pseudo stratified - this catches dust, viruses and has mucus and cilia present
135
how many sections is the trachea made of
no set amount and can vary
| anywhere from 16-20 parts
136
what are the three layers that protect the trachea
mucosal layer
sub mucosal layer
adventia
137
protective layer of the trachea mucosal layer
mucosal layer - pseudo stratified epithelium - produces mucus and has cilia
138
protective layer of the trachea sub mucosal layer
where there are C shaped cartilage rings and glands here
139
protective layer of the trachea adventia
usually made of connective tissue
140
where the trachea ends it forms a solid ring that is called
CARNIA - this helps to maintain structure and to branch out to the bronchus
141
broncholi tree
right and left - primary bronchus
have whole rings which are branched to lungs
lined with pseudo stratified epithelium
primary divides into secondary bronchus
142
is there a difference in bronchial tree
left is smaller than right side
left has two lobes to accommodate for the heart
right lung has three lobes and three branches
pseudo ---> columnar ----> cuboidal in the aveloii ------> simple squamous epithelium
143
what are the smallest bronchial tubes called
terminal broncholies - they have no cartaliage present
| lined with cuboidal -- go into respiratory bronchioles lead to alveoli sacs
144
cerebrum
made up of 2 large hemisphere
connected by a deep bridge of nerve fibers
each hemisphere has a lateral ventricle
made up of white and grey matter
```
interrupts sensory impulses motor areas control muscles
function in emotional intellectual process - behaviour
gross muscle movement -
```
145
sulcus
shallow groove in cerebrum
146
corpus callosum
large bundle of fibers - made of white matter
147
basal ganglia
initiation, coordination and execution of movement
large masses of grey matter that lie deep in the hemisphere, include: calldate, nucleus, putamen, globus, pallidus, subthatlthmus, substantia nigra
each hemisphere has its own set of ganglia
148
cerebellum
bilaterally symmetrical
consist of two lateral hemispheres
connected in the midline by the vermis
made mostly of while matter, overlain by grey (cerebral cortex)
deep fissures subdivide hemispheres into anterior/ posterior/ + flocculondular lobes
```
function - controls skeletal muscle contractions
modulates sensation of anger + pleasure
```
149
diencephalon
thymus, hypothalamus and epithymus are all part of
located between the cerebral hemispheres above mid brain
surrounds the 3rd ventricle
mostly grey matter organized into nucuelui
150
thalamus
1. Relays all sensory impulses (not smell) to cerebral cortex.
2. Relays motor impulses from cerebral cortex →spinal cord.
3. Interprets pain, temperature, pressure sensations.
4. Functions in emotion and memory.
151
Hypothalamus
1. Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, blood vessel diameter, etc).
2. Articulates with pituitary.
3. Functions in rage and aggression.
4. Controls body temperature, food intake and thirst.
.
152
Epithalamus
Pineal gland secretes melatonin, helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle
153
brain stem
the region of the brain that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord
consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
154
Midbrain:
short section of brain between the diecephalon and the pons
Contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that join lower parts of the bain stem, with higher parts of the brain
grey matter serve as reflex centers, and the cerebral aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
1. Relays motor impulses from cerebral cortex to pons and spinal cord. Relays sensory impulses other way.
2. Coordinates eyeball movement, and movement of head and trunk.
155
pons
a rounded buldge on the underside of the brain stem
separated midbrain from medulla oblongata
*** 3 nerves arise here***
trigeminal nerve V (mixed)
abducens nerve VI (motor)
facial nerve VII (mixed)
1. Relays impulses within the brain and between parts of the brain and spinal cord.
2. Helps control breathing.
156
Medulla Oblongata:
Enlarged continuation of the spinal cord extending from the level of the foramen magnum and of the pons.
Forms the floor of the 4th ventricle.
All ascending and descending nerve fibres must pass through medulla oblongata.
White matter surrounds gray.
Lots of nuclei are present.
1. Relays motor and sensory impulses between other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
2. Regulates heartbeat, breathing, blood vessel diameter.
3. Helps maintain equilibrium.
157
what nerves are found in the mid brain
oculomotor nerve (iii) motor
trochlear nerve (iv) motor
158
cerebral cortex
covers the cerebrum
| contains about 75% if all neuron cell bodies in nervous system
159
deep groove of the cerebrum
is called a fissure
160
components of the digestive tract
```
tongue
pharynx
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
small intestine
large intestine
```
161
what kind of digestion occurs in the digestive tract
chemical ---- saliva and stomach acid
| physical ---- chewing and pushing of partially digested materials
162
where do lipids go to be digested
into the lymph
163
what is the function of the appendix
houses bacteria that don't get killed off when taking antibiotics - a very important organ in the regulation of good bacteria in the body
164
what does skeletal muscle do
allows slight control
165
gallbladder
is just a storage organ stores; bile produced in the liver when break down triglycerides
166
grey matter
contains cell bodies, dendrite and axon terminals of neurons - where all synapses are
167
white matter
made of axons - connecting different parts of grey matter together
168
flow of Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF)
moves from 1 lateral ventricle to the other ---> 3rd ventricle ----> 4th ventricle (most vol. present, production complete ---> goes down and around the spinal cord OR to the subarachnoid space
169
CSF production
CSF is made by choroid plexus - filtered blood goes through tuffs of arterial capillaries
170
olfactory nerves
purely sensory- concerned with sense of smell
| terminates in the cerebrum
171
optic nerves
purely sensory - transmit visual impulses from the retina to the thalamus
terminates in the cerebrum
172
oculomotor nerves
primarily motor - emerge from the midbrain and serve four extrinsic eye muscles. the levator palpebrae superioris of the eyelid and the intrinsic ciliary muscle of the eye and constrictor fibers of the iris.
173
trochlear nerves
primarily motor - issue from the dorsal midbrain and carry motor and proprioceptor impulses from superior oblique muscles of the eyeballs
174
trigeminal nerves
mixed nerves - emerge from lateral pons as the main general nerves of the face
175
abducens nerves
primarily motor - emerge from the pons and serve the motor and prpprioceptive functions of the lateral rectus muscles of the eyeballs
176
facial nerves
mixed nerves - emerge from pons as the major motor nerves of the face
177
vestibulococohelear nerves
mostly sensory - transmit impulses from the hearing and equilibrium receptors of the inner ear
178
glossopharyngeal nerves
mixed nerves - issue from the medulla transmit sensory impulses from the taste buds of the posterior tongue
179
vagus nerve
mixed nerve - arise from the medulla - are almost all are autonomic parasympathetic
180
accessory nerves
primarily motor - arise at the spinal rootlets from the cervical spinal cord and enter the forman magnum
181
hypoglossal nerves
primarily motor - issue from the medulla and carry somatic motor efferents to proprioceptive fibers from the tongue muscles
182
3 layers of muscle in the stomach
1. circular
2. longitudinal
3. oblique
183
stomach layer lining
has ruguy to increase surface area for stretching to occur
184
what are the spinal regions
```
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
coccygeal nerves
sacrum
```
185
how many pairs of cervical nerves
8
186
how many pairs of thoracic nerves
12
187
how many pairs of lumbar nerves
5
188
how many pairs of sacrum nerves
5
189
how many pairs of coccygeal nerves
1
190
heart valves
1. tricuspid valve
2. pulmonary valve
3. mitral valve
4. aortic valve
191
tricuspid valve
located between the R. atrium and the R. ventricle
192
pulmonary valve
located between the R. ventricle and pulumary artery
193
mitral valve
located between the R. atrium and the L. ventricle
194
aortic valve
located between L. ventricle and aorta
195
what is the duodenum
the bottom of the stomach and the top of the small intestine
196
what are the layers of the stomach
caraia - where the esophagus joins the stomach
fundus - projects upwards to the diaphragm
body - actual stomach
sphincter - smooth muscle - separates stomach and duodenum
duodenum - lowest part of the stomach where it attaches to the small intestine
197
stomach is modified how
has three layers of muscle not two
| has oblique muscle to churn food and makes the stomach very strong
198
what is stomach acid
hydrochloric acid, has tons of mucus + various hormones
199
mesentery
a double layer of serous membrane which anchors organs in the digestive tract
200
pleurae
produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs
201
lungs
houses respiratory passages smaller then the main bronchi
202
alveoli
main site of gas exchange
203
bronchiol tree
air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli, cleans and moistens incoming air
204
trachea
air passageway
| cleans and moistens warms incoming air
205
nose
produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air, resonance chamber for speech
smell receptors
206
left coronary artery
runs towards the left side of the heart and then divides
207
anterior interventricular artery
branch of the left coronary artery
anterior interventricular artery - follows the anterior interventrucular sulcus + supplies blood to the interventricular septum + anterior walls of both ventricles
208
circumflex artery
branch of the left coronary artery
| supplies the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle
209
right coronary artery
courses to the right side of the heart where it also gives rise to 2 branches
210
right marginal artery
branch of right coronary artery
| right marginal artery - serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart
211
posterior interventricular artery
branch of right coronary artery
posterior interventricular artery: runs to the heart apex + supplies the posterior ventricular walls
merges with anterior ventricular artery
212
vein - coronary sinus
veins join to form enlarged vessel called coronary sinus - empties blood into the right atrium
213
vein - cardiac vein
after blood passes through myocardium - the venus blood is collected by coronary veins
214
branches of coronary sinus
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
ALL merge into the coronary sinus - vessels that make up
215
right and left primary bronchi
each bronchus runs to the mediastinum
first branch of the bronchi
right one is more veriticle and wider
left is usual
216
lobular (secondary) bronchi
3 on the right
2 on the left
each supplying one lung lobe
217
third branch of bronchi - segmental - terititary bronchi
divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi
218
bronchioles (4th)
passages smaller then 1mm in diameter
219
terminal bronchioles (5th)
less than 0.5mm in diameter
220
gross anatomy of the lungs
root - connection to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchiolar attachments
coastal surface -
the lungs lie close contact with the curve of the ribs
apex - the narrow superior tip of the lungs
base - the concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
hilum - an indentation on the surface of each lung through which blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels and nerves enter the lungs
cardiac notch - indent in the left lung to make room for the heart
221
pleurae
the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
222
what veins/ arteries take blood to the heart
pulmonary veins
and
pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated blood
223
arteries
take blood away from your heart - making it oxygenated blood go through out your body
224
function of digestive system
```
absorbing nutrients
physical and chemical break down
excreation
ingestion
propulsion
```
225
layers of the digestive tract
1. mucosa layer
2. submucosal layer
3. muscularias
4. serosa
226
first layer of the digestive tract - mucosa layer
in contact with food
has three layers
epithelium - simple columnar epithelial
produces secreations and absorbs
forms glands
lamina propia - made of loose areolar tissue
houses glands
has lymphnodes and vessels
absorbs lipids
large amount of bacteria
muscularis mucosae - causes microvilli to move
227
submucosal layer
made up of loose connective tissue
| where the glands lay
228
muscularis
longititudial + cicular smooth muscle
229
serosa layer
connective tissues + epithelium
230
esophagus
```
only a passage way
goes from pharynx to stomach
does not have serosa layer
----------> adventia layer
outermost layer
produces lots of mucus
make up stratified squamous epithelium
```
upper part of the esophagus has skeletal muscle
middle - skeletal + smooth muscle
lower - 2 types of smooth muscle
231
function of salvia
cleanses the mouth
dissolves food chemical so they can be tested
moistens food + help compact it into a bolus
begins digestion of starchy foods
232
glands that produce saliva
major + extrinsic salivary glands
233
small intestine
finish chemically digesting food needs lots of fluids - which are enzymes
234
parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jujunum
illium
235
duodenum
has circular rings called plica circularis used to increase surface area - have villi and microvilli
made of simple columnar
has lots of goblet cells
and produces hormones
entro endocrine glands
236
jujunum
2nd and middle layer of the small intestine
237
illium
last and 3rd part: most food and nurtrients are already absorbed where the small intestine joins the large intestine - separated by the illoceal valve
238
intestinal crypt
simple columnar
deals with bacteria by producing substances
is a depression
239
large intestine
helps to reabsorb salt + water ( lack of cause dirahhea, too much reabsorption = constipation)
secum first part - houses bacteria that can digest cellulose. produces farts due to bacteria being digested.
240
appendix
comes off of secum, part of lymph nodes- houseshealthy bacteria
241
colon
```
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
rectum - last part
anal canal - has sphincter with skeletal muscle
```
242
tinacolie
```
has 3 bands of smooth muscle
gives ridges
looks segmented
helps with contractions
bands have epiloick ependages
fat balls off the sides
```
243
liver
filters and processes blood as it circulates through the body, metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies toxic substances. contains enzymes
244
pancreas
enzymes and digestive juices are produced here, secreated into the small intestine to further break down food also produces insulin
245
functions of the urinary system
remove nitrogenous waste
convert vitamin d to active form
removes toxins and waste
regulate pH
balances h20 in the body to regulate blood volume and blood pressure
regulates blood chemicals ie: sodium
produces hormones ie: renin , erthropoitein
246
location of kidneys
retropertneal - sitting behind the serous membrane just like most of the system - sit at t12-t3
covered by layers renal facia - dense fibrous connective tissue - helps to anchor organ in place
peril renal - 2nd layer - fat capsule - protects from injury- helps hold kidney in position
fibrous capsule - 3rd layer- protects from infections
247
major features
renal cortex - outter most, grainy, pale, capsule - glomerulus - where blood is filtered - lots of tiny vessels
renal medulla - inner layer, portioned , striped due to loops of the nephron, has collecting ducts
renal pelvis - middle area attached to ureter where urine goes
248
nephron
the part of the kidney, helps to do with blood filtration + supply
249
kidney blood supply pathway
aorta inferior vena cava
l
renal artery renal vein ^
l
segmental artery interlobar vein ^
l arcuate vein ^
inter lobar artery cortical radiate ^ vein
l peritubular capillaries
acurate artery vasa reacta^ aka
l
cortical radiate artery efferent ^ arteriole
l
afferent arteriole ^ l_____________--> glomerulus
250
glomerous
surrounded by a capsule where filtration occurs makes sure protein rbcs, wbcs don't enter urine
251
nephron diagram
first section - bowmans capsule, surrounds the glomerulus
first tube section - proximal tubule
loop is the loop of henele
up wards tubing is distal tubule
downward is the collecting duct
be able to draw and label
252
ureters
have two, one coming from each kidney
sit retroperitoneal ,
mucosal layer - made of transitional epithelium
protects against bacteria and acidic urine
muscularis - longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle
adventia - one layer of connective tissue
253
gross structure of the bladder
internal urethra sphincter
has rugae folds to allow expansion
except smooth area called tyigone where urethra attaches
the most superior layer of the bladder has a layer of peritoneum
detrusor - a group of layered smooth muscle that surrounds a bladder
transitional epithelium makes up mucosa
254
urethra
passage way of urine
transitional where it attaches to the bladder
at exit stratified squamous
has internal sphincter that is smooth muscle
external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle
female urethra is much shorter then females
external urethra orifice - opening to the urethra externally
urogenital diaphragm - skeletal muscle that makes up the pelvic flood
255
male urethra parts
prostatic - part of urethra that goes through prostate gland
membranous -part of the urethra that goes through uretrogenital diaphragm
spongy - largest part of the urethra goes through penis
also lined by pseudo stratified epithelium
256
function of the male reproductive system
production of sperm
produces hormones
- stimulates sperm
- 2nd sexual characteristics (deeper voice)
257
function of the female reproductive system
produces eggs
produce hormones
carry a baby - receptacle in which a fetus can develop
258
accessory glands include
pair of seminal glands - seminal fluid a viscous yellowish alkaline fluid
bulbo urethral glands -thick clear lubricating fluid
prostate - prostate secretion - activates sperm - milky acidic fluid
259
ovary structure
surrounded by tunica albugina - dense fibrous connective tissue
germinal epithelium - simple cuboidal epithelium - part of the peritoneum
cortex - outer region where you find developing eggs
eggs sit in a follicle, gets bigger and bigger and then explodes to cause release of egg to occur.
medulla - inner region where we find blood vessel and nerves
260
fallopian tubes
transport eggs to the uterus
site of fertilization
have fimbrae - finger like projections
create a current to suck the egg into tube
infundibulm - is widened area of the fallopian tube
mucosal layer - made up of simple columnar
has cilia, supplies egg with nutrients
muscularis - 2 layers of smooth muscle
serosal layer - covered my a serous membrane - peritoneum
261
uterus
functions - develop the embryo
contracts and helps push out fetus
structure - goes to the fundus of uterus - most superior part
body of the uterus - main part
bottom is the cervical canal and creates a mucus plug for protection when fertilized
262
major ligaments that support the ovaries
ovarian
suspensory
parts of that make up broad ligament, which supports all of the reproductive tract - a fold of the pertionium serous membrane
mesovarium
263
layers of the uterus
mucosal - has a layer called the statum functionalis of endometrium
made of simple cubodial epithelium
layer that sheds - to remove bacterial
stratum basal - regenerates simple cuboidal layer - spiral coiled arteries here.
muscularis - has three layers of smooth muscle - to help when you have a baby
264
ligaments of the uterus
broad ligament
cardinal ligament
uterosacral ligament
round ligament
265
vagina structure
mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium to provide protection - has rugue to prodive stretch and pleasure, has some secretions
muscularis - two layers of smooth muscle
adeventia - one layer of connective tissue
266
mammory gland
present in both sexes
| milk - producing glands of the breast
267
external genitalia - female
mons pubis - fatty rounded area covering the pubic symphsis - has no function
labia majora - 2 elongated hair covered fatty skin folds- larger lips
labia minora - 2 thin hair free skin folds - little lips
vestibule - contains the external openings of the urethra and vagina
greater vestibular gland - release mucus into the vestibule to help keep moist and lubricated to allow intercourse
fourchette - extreme posterior point of the vestibule where the labia minor come to together.
clitoris - a small protruding structure, composed largely of erectile tissue
glans of the clitoris - exposed portion of the clitoris
prepuce - skin fold covering the glans of the clitoris
body of the clitoris - corpora cavernous that fill up with blood vessels during arousal
bulbs of the vestibule - bulbs engorge with blood sexual stimulation - helps to grip and squeeze urethra closed to prevent bacteria from entering
