Final - Research Methods and Design

Question 1

Correlation

Answer 1

-quantifies the strength of a relationship btwn two variables
-does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship

Question 2

Reliability

Answer 2

-consistency of a measure
-will produce similar results across multiple trials or observers
-not necessarily the “true” value

Question 3

Validity

Answer 3

-accuracy of measurement
-whether a study is truly measuring what they claim

Question 4

Test-retest reliability

Answer 4

-assess consistency of scores over time

Question 5

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 5

-measures the degree of agreement between different raters/observers

Question 6

Intra-rater reliability

Answer 6

-assesses the consistency of ratings (by the same rater) across multiple trials or occasions

Question 7

Construct (concept) validity

Answer 7

-assess whether a measure accurately represents the underlying construct/concept it is intended to measure

Question 8

Internal validity

Answer 8

-extent to which a study can establish cause-effect relationships
-ability to minimize the influence of confounding variables

Question 9

External validity

Answer 9

-extent to which findings can be generalized to other populations or settings

Question 10

Observational studies

Answer 10

-researchers observe and collect data
-no data manipulation (of any variables)

Question 11

Which studies are considered observational?

Answer 11

-cross sectional
-longitudinal
-stratified longitudinal

Question 12

Experimental studies

Answer 12

-researchers manipulate an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable

Question 13

Which studies are considered experimental?

Answer 13

-randomized controlled trials (RCT’s)
-quasi experimental
-pre experimental

Question 14

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 14

OBSERVATIONAL:
-data is collected at a single point in time

Question 15

Longitudinal studies

Answer 15

OBSERVATIONAL:
-data is collected over an extended period of time

Question 16

Stratified longitudinal studies

Answer 16

OBSERVATIONAL:
-participants are divided into subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristics
-data is collected over time

Question 17

Randomized controlled trails (RCTs)

Answer 17

EXPERIMENTAL:
-participants are randomly assigned to either an experimental group (receives the intervention) or control group

Question 18

Quasi-experimental

Answer 18

EXPERIMENTAL:
-similar to RCTs
-without random assignment of participants

Question 19

Pre-experimental

Answer 19

EXPERIMENTAL:
-lack a control group
-may have other limitations that weaken the strength of evidence

Question 20

Qualitative research approach

Answer 20

-aim to understand experiences, perspectives, and meanings
-less emphasis on numerical data

Question 21

Types of qualitative research

Answer 21

-case studies
-ethnographies
-phenomenological studies

Question 22

Case studies

Answer 22

QUALITATIVE:
-in depth examination of a particular individual, group, or situation

Question 23

Ethnographies

Answer 23

QUALITATIVE:
-focus on understanding cultures or cultural groups

Question 24

Phenomenological studies

Answer 24

QUALITATIVE:
-explore the lived experiences of individuals related to a particular phenomenon

Question 25

Why is it important to analyze sampling methods?

Answer 25

Essential for evaluating the generalizability of research findings

Question 26

Target population

Answer 26

-entire group of individuals to which the study wants to generalize the results

Question 27

Accessible population

Answer 27

-portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher

Question 28

Sampling bias

Answer 28

-when the sample chosen for the study is not representative of the target population -can lead to inaccurate conclusions

Question 29

What is hypothesis testing?

Answer 29

-the process of evaluating evidence to determine whether to reject or (fail to) reject a null hypothesis

Question 30

Null hypothesis

Answer 30

H0: there is no significant difference or relationship between variables

Question 31

Alternate hypothesis

Answer 31

Ha: there is a significant difference or relationship between variables

Question 32

Type 1 error

Answer 32

Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive)

Question 33

Type 2 error

Answer 33

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative)

Question 34

P-value

Answer 34

-probability of obtaining the observed results (or more extreme results) if the null hypothesis is true

Question 35

What happens if a p-value is below the predetermined threshold (0.5)?

Answer 35

Typically leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis

Question 36

How is quantitative data analyzed?

Answer 36

-using statistical methods to analyze numerical data -goal: to present findings clearly and concisely using tables, graphs, and figures

Question 37

How is quantitative data analyzed?

Answer 37

-interpreting non-numerical data (text, images, audio recordings) -coding: researchers assign labels to categorize and group data