Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KNES 213 (Research) > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Attestation

A

evidence or proof of something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Testimony

A

form of knowledge translation when the speaker speaks from a verifiable field of expertise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which variable is the most difficult to control?

A

independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some attributes of a “good” study?

A

well controlled independent variable, replicates real life well, enough participants for strong evidence, rational mechanism (makes sense), avoid bias (funding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is research questioned by the general public?

A

Assume uncertainty means they don’t know anything, AI and disinformation, loss of faith in mainstream media, click bate news

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an admirable attribute of a good researcher?

A

“enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution” (knows what they don’t know, and observes caution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What factors contribute to the quality/value of a study?

A

-Who (subjects/comparison group)
-What (variables being controlled/measures)
-Where (setting, natural/structured)
-How (methodology)
-interpretation of results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the benefit of leisure?

A

Allowed societies to wonder, specialize, and develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where did the first written language originate?

A

Sumer (Mesopotamia) about 5500 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Def: ethnophilosophical approach

A

-ideas are passed through oral tradition, stories, cultural practices, rituals (unfair/unjust to consider these ideas less developed or less robust)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who is an example of the ethnophilosophical approach (non-indigenous)?

A

Socrates, his student Plato wrote everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Def: the Scientific Method

A

formal process of testing an idea to determine the merit of the idea (Aristotle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What were some key inventions that facilitated the scientific revolution of the “Enlightenment”?

A

Telescope, microscope, printing press

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rene Descartes

A

-some of the things I used to believe, turned out to be false
-Cartesian Skepticism (epistemological questions- knowledge)
-ontological questioning (reality)
-“I think, therefore I exist”
-apple barrel
-rationalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can you know something to be true by reading it, learning it from someone else?

A

No:
1) person teaching could be wrong in understanding/interpretation
2) could be deceiving you for personal gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rationalism

A

-ideas are the most real thing in the world (immaterial)
-opinions should be based on reason not emotional response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How would Rene Descartes/Plato view mathematics?

A

As a construct and abstract, not physically real

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which philosopher is an empiricist?

A

Jon Locke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Empiricism

A

You could only know reality through your physical experience of the world (idea of primary and secondary qualities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Primary qualities (empiricism)

A

foundational- things that are contained in the object (weight, mass, density)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secondary qualities (empiricism)

A

ephemeral- not objectively real (color, taste, texture, smell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What philosopher is an advocate of immaterialism?

A

George Berkley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Immaterialism

A

-primary and secondary qualities are always mixed
-material things have no reality except as mental perceptions
-perception is the only truth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which philosophy contributed to the creation of qualitative science?

A

Immaterialism (perception is truth, material things are mentally constructed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Esse Est Percepi
To be is to be perceived!
26
Which philosophy explains Schrodinger's cat?
Immaterialism (emphasis on perception as reality)
27
What 3 characteristics explain knowledge?
1) justified (evidence) 2) true (objectively- realist, perceptually- constructionist) 3) belief (consider to be true)
28
Appeal to authority
belief in something based on the authority of the person (without adequate supporting facts)
29
What contributes to appeal to authority
Fame, power, status, or other attributes (give them supposed "credibility" to give advice outside their domain of competence)
30
What would be an example of appeal to authority?
-listening to a physically fit person on health advice -disregarding an educated but overweight expert in nutrition
31
EX: appeal to authority in history
Thalidomide scandal: treatment for morning sickness (1950) caused birth defects
32
EX: appeal to authority (Copernicus)
Earth centered model to heliocentric (sun centered) model
33
Ad Hominem (logical fallacy)
Attacking the person instead of the argument
34
Straw Man (logical fallacy)
Misrepresenting someone's argument to make easier to attack
35
Slippery Slope (logical fallacy)
Arguing that a specific action will lead to an undesirable outcome
36
False Dichotomy (logical fallacy)
Presenting only two options when more exist
37
Bandwagon Fallacy (logical fallacy)
Believing something is true because many others do
38
Modern Impact (logical fallacy)
influencer culture and social media (modern twist on appeal to authority)
39
Axiom
-truth developed on rigorous testing and logical reasoning -universally accepted -building blocks (fundamental)
40
Assumption
-accepted as true without concrete evidence -may simplify complex problems -starting point for further analysis -validity may be questioned
41
Three subsets of science
1) natural (physics, chemistry, geology, biology) 2) social (human society, relationships, economics) 3) formal sciences (logic, mathematics, statistics)
42
Falsifiable
the ability/capacity to prove something wrong
43
Why must research be falsifiable?
conclusions cannot be drawn from simple observation of a particular phenomenon
44
Hypothesis testing
proposed based on existing knowledge (results either support/refute)
45
Why are replication and verification necessary?
they verify the reliability and validity of findings (may detect bias, false positives, potential errors)
46
What is the purpose of peer review?
other experts critically evaluate to lead to improvements BEFORE it is disseminated to the broader scientific community
47
Paradigm shifts
leads to significant shifts in our understanding of a subject (new theory better explains evidence than existing dominant paradigm)
48
How have technological advancements contributed to advancement in research?
New tools provide previously unknown info and more accurate measurement
49
Heuristic
mental shortcut that allow for faster processing of ideas and decisions
50
About how many of your ideas are correct?
10%
51
Of your correct ideas how many are false negative?
20%
52
Ontology
studying the nature of being, existence and reality
53
What are two ontological perspectives?
positivism and constructivism
54
positivism (ontological)
objective reality exists separate from our perceptions and interpretations
55
constructivism (ontological)
reality is socially constructed and our understanding is shaped by our experiences
56
Epistemology
study of nature, sources, and limits of knowledge
57
What are two epistemological perspectives?
positivism and interpretivism
58
Positivism (epistemological)
knowledge can be acquired through direct observation and empirical methods (objective, verifiable facts can be discovered)
59
interpretivism (epistemological)
knowledge is context-dependent (understanding meaning/significance requires interpreting experiences)
60
Theory
explanation of observed patterns or supposition about a relationship among phenomena
61
Are models a correct representation?
"All models are wrong, but some can be useful"
62
Model
simplified representation of a system or phenomenon
63
Why have models?
help understand complex phenomena, generate hypotheses, design studies, teach, interpret results
64
How are models evaluated?
usefulness, accuracy, simplicity
65
Qualitative research
-measuring non-numeric variables (values, feelings, emotions, reactions) -data collection done in "natural setting"
66
Quantitative research
-measurable, countable variables -hypothesis based -test theories
67
Mixed methods research
combine quantitative and qualitative research
68
Two eyed seeing
combines strength of "western" knowledge and indigenous knowledge
69
What 4 research themes are present in KNES?
1) movement science and musculoskeletal health 2) injury prevention, sport medicine, and rehabilitation 3) exercise physiology and nutrition in health and sport 4) psychosocial aspects of health and sport
70
Worldview
-set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about the nature of reality, knowledge, and human existence -shapes the way an individual perceives the world
71
Positivism
-knowledge can be acquired through empirical observation and objective scientific methods
72
Aspects of positivism (4)
1) empiricism- direct observation and experience, measurable facts 2) objectivity- detached and neutral researchers (avoid bias) 3) determinism (phenomena governed by causal relationships and predictable patterns) 4) quantitative methods
73
Interpretivism
-interpretive/constructivist/hermeneutic approach -subjective experiences, meanings, and interpretations of individuals/groups -flexible more case-sensitive
74
Key aspects of interpretivism (4)
1) subjectivity- experiences, perspectives, cultural context 2) context- studied within historical/social/cultural setting 3) qualitative methods- interviews, observations 4) inductive reasoning- allows for the emergence of new insights
75
Which philosopher embodies positivism?
Auguste Comte
76
Which philosophers embody interpretivism?
-Max Weber -Wilhelm Dilthey -Edmund Husserl -Clifford Geertz
77
pragmatism
emphasizes practical consequences, actions, and problem solving in the pursuit of knowledge (rather than abstract principles)
78
How do pragmatists understand the world?
reality is constructed through a process of inquiry and interaction with the world (rather than predetermined or fixed)
79
Key aspects of pragmatism (4)
1) practicality 2) flexibility- embrace diverse methods and approaches 3) experiential learning- learn through experience, experimentation, and adaptation 4) pluralism- acknowledges multiple perspectives
80
Which philosophers embody pragmatism?
-Charles Sanders Peirce -William James -John Dewey -George Herbert Mead
81
Key aspects of two-eyed seeing perspective
1) recognizing and valuing indigenous ways of knowing 2) encouraging collaboration 3) ensuring research is culturally appropriate 4) integrating indigenous and western scientific perspectives
82
Three components of research design are...
philosophical worldview > research approach > research methods
83
Which studies struggle with falsifiability?
Descriptive and qualitative studies (instead attempt to describe the world as we encounter/perceive it)
84
critical thinking
active and systematic attempt to understand and evaluate arguments and questions
85
Do you have the freedom to think about anything?
No, limited by your experience, education, imagination, environment, community
86
reasoning
cognitive process of forming conclusions, judgements, or inferences based on available information
87
Why is reasoning necessary?
essential for generating and evaluating hypotheses, designing experiments, and interpreting results
88
deductive reasoning
-starts with one or more general premises and derives specific conclusions -conclusions are valid if the premises are true
89
inductive reasoning
-starts with specific observations and draws general conclusions -identifies patterns, trends, or relationships and make inferences about the population
90
will you generate new knowledge with deductive reasoning?
no
91
what is deductive reasoning useful for?
testing hypotheses
92
what is inductive reasoning useful for?
generating hypotheses
93
what is a limitation of deductive reasoning?
dependent on the accuracy and completeness of premises
94
what is a limitation of inductive reasoning?
subject to the risk of making false generalizations
95
abductive reasoning
-forms a hypothesis based on incomplete or limited info -seeks to find the most plausible explanation
96
analogical reasoning
-drawing comparisons between similar situations, processes, or concepts to make predictions/estimations -applying existing knowledge to new contexts
97
bayesian reasoning
-probabilistic approach to reasoning -allows for inferences/predications to be made under conditions of uncertainty/incomplete info
98
Inductive thought process
1) general observation 2) developed theory 3) test theory
99
deductive thought process
1) establish rule 2) define constraints 3) develop a solution based on properties 4) test
100
Who is Geoffrey Hinton?
god-father of AI... believe it is trained on inconsistent data (worldviews inputted affect)
101
What are 5 characteristics of good quantitative research?
1) systematic (plan, design, evaluate) 2) logical (based on sound reasoning) 3) empirical (decisions based on data) 4) reductive (general relationships are established from data) 5) replicable (actions are accurately reported)
102
tenacity
people cling to the beliefs they have thought to be true
103
authority
believing what people in authority tell you
104
serendipity
accidental findings
105
intuition
common sense (developed through experience)
106
rationalistic method
deriving knowledge through reasoning
107
empirical method
systematic, controlled investigation, evidence based data collection
108
Who coined the term "serendipity"
Horace Walpole
109
Who was messing around with cathode ray tubes and discovered x-rays
Wilhelm Rontgen
110
Who was influential in the discovery of CRISPR
Jennifer Doudna
111
Steps to conducting research
1) outline- research topic 2) articulate 3) conduct literature search 4) define research question 5) establish testable hypothesis 6) identify testing strategies 7) design study
112
strategies of quantitative research
-identify the important study variables (independent, dependent, controlled) -identify the participants targeted for the study
113
strategies of qualitative research
-recognize the philosophical worldview and research approach -identify the research site where the study is being conducted
114
strategies for mixed methods research statement
-philosophical worldview -identify the research site -identify the important study variables -identify the participants targeted for the study -identify and describe the central phenomena identify the theoretical framework (or model) that is guiding study
115
Why is APA style so valuable to use?
Includes the names of authors within text
116
qualities of title
-max 12 words -includes variables studied
117
qualities listed under author name
-institution name -course # and section -date
118
What is wrong with this format of author: Holash, Robert John, PhD.
-First M. Last, First Last, and First last -no titles (Dr.)
119
What should a proper citation contain?
author and date
120
what does a direct quotation contain?
author, year, and page #
121
symbol for direct quote
"hi"
122
symbol for indirect quote
'paraphrased'
123

KNES 213 (Research) (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions