Final Review Flashcards by Savannah Yslas

Dosage

Amount of drug/unit of body weight (mg/kg)

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Dose

Amount of drug given at one time (cc/ml)

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Dosage Intervals

SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD, PRN, Q2H

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Potential Causes of Toxicities

Allergic reaction
Inappropriate species
Inappropriate amount of frequency
Inappropriate route of administration

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Reasons to Adjust Drug Dosage

Certain breeds/species
Gender (pregnancy)
Age of animal (older, neonates)
Preexisting conditions

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Preexisting Conditions

Renal or liver failure
Seizures
Shock
Drug interactions

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Drug Distribution - Biphasic

First phase
- Absorption
- Distribution
Second Phase
-Biotransformation
Elimination

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Absorption

Passage of the drug from the site of administration into the systemic blood circulation

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Rate of Absorption

Fastest: IV, IC, IO
Intermediate: ET, IP, IM, SQ
Slowest: PO

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Drug Solubility - Lipophilic Drugs

Drugs that dissolve in oil
Cross cell membrane readily because cell membrane is made up of phospholipids.
Best Route: oral, readily absorbed in GI system

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Drug Solubility - Hydrophilic Drugs

Drugs that dissolve in water
Diffuse well into and through interstitial fluids.
Best Route: SQ, IM, IV

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Distribution

Movement of the drug from the systemic circulation to the target tissue or intended site of action

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Binding of a Drug to a Protein

Once absorbed, most drugs bind to a protein (ex albumin within blood plasma)
The unbound portion of the drug will diffuse through cell membrane, metabolize and be excreted
Maintain equilibrium, part of drug is used and excreted while the other is bound to protein and retained until needed.

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Perfusion of Tissues

The amount of blood passing through a tissue or organ (carrying O2 and Hgb)

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Highly Perfused Tissues and Organs

Heart
Kidneys
Lungs

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Poorly Perfused Tissues and Organs

Fat

Cartilage

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Biotransfusion

The chemical alteration of a drug in the body

Prior to a drug being “cleared from blood” it must be biotransformed

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Metabolites

The chemical component formed from biotransfusion of a drug

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Sites of Biotransfusion

Primary: Liver
Secondary: Lungs, skin, intestinal tract

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Elimination

The removal of a drug from the body

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Sites of Elimination

Primary: Kidneys
Secondary: Liver, lungs, sweat, mammary glands

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Major Routes of Drug Administration in the Body

Enteral: involves GI tract
Parenteral: bypasses GI tract

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Oral Medications

Pills: tablets (+/- chewables), caplets, capsules
Liquids
Powders, Granules
Paste

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Advantages of Using Oral Administration

Study These Flashcards

Less amount of skill required
At home administration
Less stressful to patient (+/-)
Less painful to patient
Iatrogenic infections less likely
Less adverse reaction

Disadvantages to Oral Administration

Possible injury to patient or administrator Accuracy of dose Possibility os aspiration pneumonia (more common with liquid or paste)

3 Indications for Using Oral Administration

Treating a specific GI disorder When immediate absorption is unnecessary When dispensing home medications

Contraindications for Oral Administration

V/D When rapid absorption is needed When there is possible interference with other drugs

Indications for Using an Orogastric Tube

``` Nutritional support in anorexic patient Administration of medications Administration of radiograph contrast material Decompression of the stomach Stomach lavage Dislodging a foreign body (not common) ```

Orogastric Tube Complications

Misplacement of the tube | Esophageal &/or gastric injuries

Orogastric Tube Placement - Measurement for Dog

Tip of nose to the last rib

Orogastric Tube Placement - Measurement for Cat

Tip of nose to 10th or 11th rib

Orogastric Tube Placement

Measure/mark tube Use speculum/roll of tape Lube tube Administer and remove

How to Verify Tube Placement

``` Swallowing ? Seeing tube go down esophagus Feeling two tubes Listen/smell Coughing Radiograph - best indication ```

Removal of Orogastric Tube

Tip the head down Kink the tube (prevent aspiration)

Indication for Placing NG Tube

Longer term access to stomach than orogastric tube Nutritional support Decompression of the stomach Administration of medications (not primary reason)

NG Tube Complications

Misplacement Esophageal &/or gastric injuries Epistaxis Smaller width

Surgically Placed Feeding Tubes

Ability to bypass affected area of the GI tract Pharyngostomy/Esophagostomy Gastrostomy Enterostomy

Indications for Surgically Placed Feeding Tubes

Prolonged nutritional support | GI tract injuries (oral cavity - intestines)

Complications with Surgically Placed Feeding Tubes

Surgery Infection Dislodgment of the tube Extensive aftercare

Indications for Administering an Enema

Relief of constipation/obstipation Evacuation of the distal colon Administration of medications

Complications for Administering an Enema

Rectal trauma

Enema Solutions

Warm water Warm soapy water DSS (Diocytl Sodium Succinate) Mineral Oil

Enema Dose

5-20 mls/lb

Advantages of Injectable Administration

Rapid onset of action | More accurate dosage

Disadvantages of Injectable Administration

Greater skill required +/- more painful and stressful to patient Increased risk of infection Increased risk of adverse reaction

Complications That Can Occur When Giving an Injection

``` Hemorrhage and hematoma at the site Abscess Granuloma Local irritation Tisue necrosis ```

SQ Injections - Common Sites

Scruff Lateral Thorax Flank

SQ Technique

Upside down dart hold/3 finger hold | Tent skin, needle parallel to body, aspirate, inject

Meds That NEVER Go SQ

Whole blood Hypertonic solutions Oil-based meds

Intramuscular Injection Sites

``` Lumbar (epaxial) Hamstring Gluteals Quadriceps Pectorals (equine/bovine) Triceps (equine/bovine) Cervical (equine/bovine) ```

Maximum IM Volume

Dogs and Cats: 2cc/site or 4cc/site for large dogs | Large Animals: 10cc/site

List of IV Injection Sites

``` Cephalic vein Jugular vein Lateral saphenous Femoral Sublingual vein Ear vein ```

Intraosseous Injection

Needle is placed into the sinusoids within the bone marrow

Most Common IO Injection Sites

Tibial crest Trochanteric Fossa Wing of the ilium Greater tubercle of the humerus

Indications for Using IO Injections

Rapid administration of fluids or medications When central or peripheral vein is unavailable When vein is too small to catheterize

Contraindications for IO Injections

Endotoxic patient Placement in certain pneumatic bones of birds Placement in a fracture or previous fractured bone Placement over an abscess

Intraperitoneal Injection

Abdominocentesis Surgical puncture of the abdomen Therapeutic or diagnostic

Therapeutic Indications for Intraperitoneal Injection

Fluid therapy Peritoneal lavage Peritoneal dialysis Euthanasia

Final Review Flashcards

(58 cards)