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121 Histology & Embryology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

How is melanin produced?

A

Produced by melanocytes

Passed through melanocytes to granular layer and absorbed into keratin

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2
Q

How much sun protection should you use?

A

SPF 30 and then reapply after 30 minutes + ever hour after that

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3
Q

How much does using tanning beds before age 30 increase the risk of melanoma?

A

75%- CT gets damaged

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4
Q

Which epithelial layer has the highest mitotic activity?

A

Stratum germinativum (basal layer)

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5
Q

Cell structures of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Myoblasts- muscles cells

Myofibrils- contractile elements (protein fibers- actin & myosin

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6
Q

Components of a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm containing organelles
Sarcolemma- Cell membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum- System of tubes that communicates nerve impulses and enables contraction
Sarcomere- Contractile unit of myofibrils

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7
Q

What do mast cells produce?

A

AKA Leukocytes

Heparin- anticoagulant
Histamine- induces capillaries to release plasma

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8
Q

Where is the amniotic cavity located?

A

Forms from the amniotic sac above the epiblast and below the yolk sac

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9
Q

Cells of the developing embryo

A

Tropoblast
Epiblast
Hypoblast

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10
Q

When are tropoblasts formed and what do they give rise to?

A

Created during blastocyst formation as an outer layer of cells

Attaches blastocyst to the uterus during implantation

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11
Q

When are epiblasts formed and what do they give rise to?

A

Top layer of cells of the bilaminar germ disc

Gets renamed ectoderm–> becomes mesoderms–>endoderm

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12
Q

When are hypoblasts formed and what do they give rise to?

A

Bottom layer of cells in bilaminar germ disc

Hypoblast gets dumped into yolk sac (nourishment)

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13
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Elevation of epiblast on posterior border of primitive groove

Guides epiblast to form TGD

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14
Q

What is the primitive node?

A

Elevation of epiblast cells on the primitive pit

Guides proliferating epiblast to form future notochord

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15
Q

What does the prechordal plate form?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

Separates future primitive mouth from primitive gut

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16
Q

Origin of the thyroid gland

A

Foramen cecum

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17
Q

Origin of the pituitary gland

A

Rathke’s Pouch forms the anterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

Associated structures of the frontonasal process

A

Lateral nasal process- alae of nose & nasolabial sulcus
Medial nasal processes- Columella & tip of nose, nasal septum, pre-maxilla
Intermaxillary segment- Philtrum, center of uppe rlip, premaxilla, alveolar ridge

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19
Q

Branchial grooves vs branchial pouches

A

Each have 4 pairs that correspond to the other

Grooves are external, pouches are internal
1st groove forms the external auditory canal. 1st pouch forms internal auditory canal
Remaining branchial grooves form the neck
2nd pouch forms tonsils

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20
Q

First branchial arch and associated structures

A

Posterior 2/3 upper lip, maxilla and hard palate
Cheeks and entire lower lip and mandibular arch
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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21
Q

How does linea alba form?

A

Fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes

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22
Q

Associated structures of the 2nd branchial arch

A

Posterior 1/3 (root) of tongue
Reichert’s cartilage gives rise to: stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, superior aspect body of hyoid, perichondrium
Muscles of facial expression

7th facial nerve

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23
Q

How does a cleft lip form?

A

Partial or complete failure of the intermaxillary segment & maxillary process to fuse- failure of fusion btw the max process w/ the lateral borders of the center portion of the upper lip

Week 8

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24
Q

How do cleft palates form?

A

Premaxilla and/or secondary palate fail to fuse w/ nasal septum

And/or failure of premaxilla to fuse w/ secondary palate

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25
Q

Characteristics of inner enamel epithelium

A

Concave inner layer of the enamel organ

Single cell layer

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26
Q

When do stellate reticulum form?

A

Star shaped core cells form during the cap stage

Pushes apart OEE and IEE and helps form cap shape

Collapses during apposition

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27
Q

What is the function of stratum intermedium?

A

Transports nutrients to pre-ameloblasts during the apposition stage

Flat layer of cells between stellate reticulum and IEE

Bell stage

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28
Q

What does the cervical loop give rise to?

A

Gives rise to the cervix of the tooth–> future CEJ

Inferior circumference of the cap– junction of OEE and IEE

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29
Q

Formation of membrane preformative and DEJ

A

Basement membrane renamed membrane preformative during apposition

MP disintegrates after attachment of odontoblasts and ameloblasts

Mantle dentin and aprismatic enamel form the DEJ

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30
Q

What does HERS/epithelial cylinder form from?

A

The cervical loop

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31
Q

What does the epithelial diaphragm form from?

A

Forms from HERS inferior rim folding medially

Determines shape, size and # of roots
At the site of the apical foramen

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32
Q

When do cell rests of Malassez form?

A

WHen HERS breaks down, initiating cementum formation

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33
Q

What are accessory canals?

A

Parts of HERS break down too soon, before root dentin forms

These breaks become innervated with BV and nerves

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34
Q

Which germ layer does dental lamina form from?

A

Basal layer of oral epithelium
Derived from ectoderm
Lines stomodeum

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35
Q

When does the dental papilla form?

A

During cap stage from ectomesenchyme tissue

Gives rise to dentin and pulp
Fills concavity of the cap
Determines what type the tooth will be (inductive capabilities)

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36
Q

Cap stage associated cells and structures

A

Cells: Stellate reticulum, OEE, IEE, mesenchymal cells
Structures: Enamel knot***, cervical loop, dental papilla, dental follicle

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37
Q

Bell stage associated cells and histological changes

A

Cells: stratum intermedium, preameloblasts, preodontoblasts
Histological changes: OEE squamous to low cuboidal, IEE squamous to tall columnar (form preameloblasts). Dental papilla increase in size, dental lamina starts disintegrating forming cell rests of Serres

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38
Q

Epithelial-mesenchyme interaction

A

Dental papilla stimulates IEE to form preameloblasts- determines morphology
Enamel organ- preameloblasts stimulate dental papilla to form preodontoblasts

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39
Q

Associated cells of apposition stage

A

Odontoblasts form
Ameloblasts form
Stellate reticulum collapses

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40
Q

What forms from the termination of amelogenesis?

A

REE forms and triggers termination of amelogenesis (forms on formed enamel)

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41
Q

WHat is Nasmyth’s membrane?

A

Primary cuticle forms between REE and formed enamel

Participates in early formation of DGJ

Secreted by post-ameloblasts

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42
Q

What is the current theory on dentin hypersensitivity?

A

Hydrodynamic theory- Change in tissue fluid pressure in dentin tubule gets transmitted to the pulp/nerve fibers

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43
Q

Causes of dentin sensitivity

A

Thermal- cold/ice/hot
Mechanical- brushing/instrumentation/hand or ultrasonic
Dehydration- drying w/ air or gauze
Chemical- food (sweet/sour); composite restorations, vital bleaching
Biofilm/Plaque

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44
Q

What is primary dentin?

A

All dentin that forms prior to completion of root

Mantle dentin
Circumpulpal dentin

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45
Q

What is secondary dentin?

A

All dentin formed after root formation or primary dentin

Similar to circumpulpal dentin
Naturally firming, not caused by trauma

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46
Q

What is tertiary dentin?

A

Reparative/reactive dentin

Forms in response to caries or trauma (abrasion, abfraction)
Can be regular or irregular in formation
The higher the severity of trauma, the more irregular the formation

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47
Q

What are dead tracts?

A

Caused by caries and/or trauma

Area of empty dentin tubules beneath a carious lesion where odontoblasts have died and not laid down sclerotic dentin

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48
Q

Metabolic disturbances in dentin

A

Lines of Von Ebner/ Imbrication Lines
Contour line of Owen
Neonatal line

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49
Q

What are lines of Von Ebner?

A

Marks daily deposition of dentin (growth rings)

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50
Q

What are contour lines of Owen?

A

Wide rings caused by a metabolic change (fever, dehydration, medication etc)

Individual could be sick or something that happened to that person that day

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51
Q

What are neonatal lines?

A

Metabolic shock of birth

Accentuated by lines of Owen

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52
Q

What are Tome’s processes? What do they do?

A

Short blunt process at the very end of ameloblasts.
Creates rod space that will back-fill with enamel matrix to form prism
Forms as ameloblasts move away from enamel

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53
Q

Metabolic disturbances in enamel

A

Daily imbrication lines
Striae of Retzius
Neonatal Line

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54
Q

Daily imbrication lines in enamel

A

Like lines of Von Ebner
Perpendicular to enamel rods
Daily production of enamel

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55
Q

What are Striae of Retzius

A

Like lines of Owen in dentin

Overlapping areas on labial surface

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56
Q

What are perikymata?

A

Shallow grooves between striae of Retzius

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57
Q

What forms neonatal lines in enamel?

A

Metabolic shock of birth

Accentuated Striae of Retzius

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58
Q

What does the ASA block anesthetize?

A

Incisors and canines

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59
Q

What does the MSA block anesthetize?

A

Premolars and MB root of max 1st molar

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60
Q

What does the PSA block anesthetize?

A

DB and P root of max 1st molars, 2nd molars and 3rd molars

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61
Q

What does the IA block anesthetize?

A

All mandibular teeth (incisors and molars) and lingual gingiva

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62
Q

What does the BN/Long buccal block anesthetize?

A

Posterior buccal gingiva

63
Q

What does the MI/mental incisive block anesthetize?

A

Mandibular anteriors, premolars and associated gingiva

64
Q

Deciduous universal tooth numbering

A

Maxillary teeth= A through J

Mandibular teeth= K through T

65
Q

Permanent universal tooth numbering

A

Maxillary teeth= 1 through 16

Mandibular teeth= 17 though 32

66
Q

Cells in pulp

A 
Fibroblasts
Odontoblasts***
Mesenchymal cells
Pericytes/Rouget cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Extravasated WBC's***
67
Q

What are dystrophic calcifications?

A

Calcifications in roots canals

Calcified collagen fibers surrounding nerve fibers and BV

68
Q

What are focal calcifications?

A

Pulp stones

Calcified bodies, irregular to round in shape

May lodge in or over the root canal

69
Q

What are the 4 pulp layers/zones?

A

Odontoblastic layer
Cell Free Zone
Cell Rich layer
Pulp Core

70
Q

What is the 1st pulp zone?

A

Odontoblastic layer- peripheral layer- highly mitotic

Formative, protective, sensory

71
Q

What is the 2nd Pulp zone?

A

Cell Free Zone- Fewer cells- increased number of mesenchyme cells during dentinogenesis

Sensory, nutritive

Contains nerves, BV, collagen and ground substance

72
Q

What is the 3rd Pulp Zone?

A

Cell Rich Zone- increased cell content

Fibroblasts, mesenchyme
Formative, nutritive, sensory
Contains nerves and BV

73
Q

What is the 4th Pulp zone?

A

Pulp Core- bulk of pulp

Formative, sensory, nutritive

74
Q

Where is Rashkow’s Plexus?

A

Deep to the cell rich zone

75
Q

What provides blood supply to the teeth?

A

Cell rich zone- majority through pulp
Maxillary artery

Max= superior alveolar artery
Mand= inferior alveolar artery
Pulpal BV branch off PDL vessels

76
Q

What innervates the teeth?

A

Trigeminal nerve
Max= foramen rotundum- ASA, MSA, PSA
Mand= foramen ovale- IA, BN, M/I

77
Q

Cellular vs Acellular cementum

A

Acellular covers the entire root- no cementocytes

Cellular covers acellular cememntum on the apical 1/3 of root- contains cementocytes, house canaliculi in lacunae for nourishment
Helps maintain occlusion

78
Q

What are intrinsic cementum fibers?

A

NOT PDL FIBERS

Produced by cementoblasts
Contained in cementum
Run parallel to DCJ

79
Q

What are extrinsic collagen fibers?

A

Sharpey’s fibers (PDL fibers)

Produced by fibroblasts
Terminal ends of PDL/principle fibers trapped in surface of cementum

80
Q

What are the resorption properties on cementum?

A

More resistant to resorption because it is avascular–> fewer cementoclasts/odontoclasts

Allows tooth movement w/o destroying the root

81
Q

CEJ variations

A

Meets enamel- 30%- smooth
Overlaps enamel- 60%- convexity
Falls short of enamel- 10%- concavity

82
Q

What is calcium hydroxyapatite for cementum derived from?

A

Mantle dentin

83
Q

What are the cells of cementum?

A

Cementoblasts- form cementum matrix
Cementocytes- Mature cells (cementoblasts trapped in calcified matrix)
Cementoclasts- Resorb cementum

84
Q

Why does continual formation of cementum occur?

A

Increases PDL space/width
Maintains root length
Maintains occlusion due to attrition

  • A decrease in cementum may constrict the apical foramen and blood supply
85
Q

Types of Bone

A 
Cancellous Bone (spongy)
Compact Bone (dense)
86
Q

What is cancellous bone? Types of lamellae?

A

Spongy bone- large, open marrow spaces

Types of lamellae- trabeculae (thick) and spicules (thin)

87
Q

What is compact bone? Types of lamellae?

A

Dense bone- smaller marrow spaces

Types of lamellae: external circumferential, internal circumferential, interstitial, haversian

88
Q

Trabecullae of cancellous bone

A

Thick and composed of several layers

Increased number of osteocytes and osteoblasts

89
Q

What are the 3 types of CT coverings?

A

Periosteum
Endosteum
Mucoperiosteum

90
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous layer is dense CT- attachment point for tendons/muscles

Inner osteogenic layer (next to bone) is mostly osteoblasts and osteoclasts- attachment point for periosteum via extrinsic fibers

91
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Lines marrow cavities

Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone

92
Q

What is mucoperiosteum?

A

Covers hard palate

Outer surface attachment point for masticatory epithelium

Inner surface attaches to periosteum of hard palate

93
Q

Intramembranous bone formation (head and neck)

A

Collagen sheath forms–> primary bone forms–> secondary bone replaces primary bone

94
Q

Intracartilagenous bone formation (long bones)

A

Primary bone cartilage model forms (Meckle’s)–> Secondary bone forms- entire calcified bone complex is resorbed and replaced

95
Q

What are resorption bays?

A

Howship Lacunae

Found on outer surface of bone and membranes

House osteoclasts

96
Q

What is alveolar bone proper?

A

Lines alveolus, surrounds root
Contains Sharpey’s fibers
Referred to as: Lamina dura, cribiform plate, bundle bone (perforations for BV, nerves, lymphatics. Very dense, anchors sharpeys fibers)

97
Q

Attachment point for PDL

A

Attaches to ABP

Extends from ABP to cementum

98
Q

Alveolar crest

A

Free border of alveolus
Follos contours of CEJ
Most coronal portion is interproximal
Most apical portion L/B & P/L

99
Q

What is supporting alveolar bone?

A

Supports alveoli and ABP

100
Q

What are the 2 types of bone that comprise the SAB?

A

Cortical plate (compact)- B/L/P surfaces

Spongiosa (cancellous)- btw cortical plates and surrounds ABP and alveous

101
Q

Describe trabecular arrangement of spongiosa. How does this help?

A

Haphazard arrangement- sparce, ladder-like appearance

Resist vertical forces

102
Q

Describe the interdental septum

A

Bony projections that separate adjacent alveoli

Spongy bone covered by ABP

Zuckerkandl & Herschfelds canals

103
Q

Describe the interradicular septum

A

Bony septum intervening between roots

Spongy bone covered by ABP

Zuckerkandl & Herschfelds canals

104
Q

What is the embryonic origin of alveolar bone?

A

Neural crest cells

105
Q

Where are osteoblasts of alveolar bone derived from?

A

Ectomesenchyme/mesenchyme cells of the dental sac

Osteogenic cells

106
Q

What is the distance of the CEJ to the alveolar crest?

A

1.8mm

1-2 mm

107
Q

What are the three words for ABP?

A

Lamina dura
Cribiform plate
Bundle bone

108
Q

WHat is lamina dura?

A

Compact bone that lies adjacent to the PDL

Surrounds tooth socket and provides attachment surface for sharpeys fibers

109
Q

WHat is the cribiform plate?

A

Contains holes where Volkmann canals pass from alveolar bone into the PDL

110
Q

What is bundle bone?

A

Term for the portion of the alveolar bone that surrounds the teeth and into which the sharpeys fibers anchor themselves.

Also perforations for BV, nerves, lymphatics

111
Q

Where are Zuckerkandl & Herschfeld canals located? What are they?

A

Contained in the interdental and interradicular septums

Canals containing BV, lymphatics and nerves

112
Q

What causes reversal lines?

A

When osteoclastic activity stops

113
Q

What is Wolf’s Law?

A

Ideal tooth movement keeps root & PDL intact

With horizontal PRESSURE, AB resorbs
With horizontal TENSION, AB forms

114
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers?

A

Extrinsic fibers that insert into cementum and AB

Terminal ends of principle fibers

115
Q

WHat is the function of ground substance?

A

Acts as a hydraulic system during mastication

116
Q

What are the principle fiber groups?

A 
Alveolar crest fibers
Horizontal fibers
Oblique fibers
Apical fibers
Interradicular fibers
117
Q

Where are alveolar crest fibers located? What forces do they resist?

A

Alex of crest to cementum @ cervix of the root

Resists tilting, occlusal, avulsive and rotational forces

118
Q

Where are horizontal fibers located? What forces do they resist?

A

Extend from ABP to cementum just apical to alveolar crest fibers- coronal 1/3 of root

Resist tilting and rotational forces

119
Q

Where are oblique fibers located? What forces do they resist?

A

Extend obliquely from ABP to cementum just apical to horizontal fibers- mid portion of root

Most resistant to occlusal forces and some rotational

120
Q

Where are apical fibers located? What forces do they resist?

A

Extend from ABP to apical cementum

Resist avulsive forces and rotational forces

121
Q

Where are interradicular fibers located? What forces do they resist?

A

Multi-rooted teeth only- extend from apex of interradicular septum to cementum of furcation area

Resist tilting, occlusal, avulsive, rotational forces

122
Q

Where are circular fibers located?

A

Encircle cervix of tooth in CT of free gingiva and papilla

123
Q

Where are alveogingival fibers located?

A

CT of free and attached gingiva to alveolar crest

124
Q

Where are dentoperiosteal fibers located?

A

CT of attached gingiva from alveolar cortical plate to cervical cementum

125
Q

Where are dentogingival fibers located?

A

CT of free and attached gingiva from cementum

126
Q

Where are transseptal/interdental fibers located?

A

Cementum in tooth, in CT of interdental papilla, to cementum of adjacent tooth

127
Q

Gingival coloration

A

Coral pink to brown- melanin and BV

128
Q

Associated structures of gingiva

A 
Free gingiva
Gingival margin
Free gingival groove
Gingival sulcus
Junctional epithelium
Attached gingiva
Interdental papilla
129
Q

Attachment of ortho/parakeratinized epithelium to CT

A

Tightly bound, relatively immovable, withstands strong shearing forces and is less permeable

Slower cell turnover

130
Q

What is basal lamina?

A

Two cell layers that separate epithelium from CT

131
Q

What is the attachment mechanism of basal lamina

A

Occurs via hemidesmosomes

The more the tissue needs to be anchored and stay in place, the more prominent the epithelial ridges will be

132
Q

Location of attached gingiva

A

Extends from free gingiva to MGJ and attaches to alveolar bone

B/L/P/L

133
Q

Concentratuon of rete ridges in free gingiva

A

Increased concentration of rete ridges

134
Q

Characteristics of lining mucosa

A

Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

Found in the sulcus, JE, col region, floor of mouth, ventral surface of tongue, soft palate

135
Q

Characteristics of epithelial rete ridges

A

Concave, torturous curves of basal lamina that increase surface area contact to CT

Most prominent in masticatory mucosa

136
Q

Function of gingival ligaments

A

Supports the gingiva

137
Q

Characteristics of JE

A

Forms floor of gingival sulcus
At same level of free gingival groove
Attaches gingiva directly to tooth surface via hemidesmosomes

External separates epithelial cells & lamina propria
Internal anchors to lamina densa

138
Q

Which are the first teeth to exfoliate?

A

Maxillary and mandibular centrals
E&F
O&P
6-7 years

139
Q

Which are the first non-succedaneous teeth to erupt?

A

Maxillary and mandibular 1st molars at 6-7 years
8 & 9
24 & 25

140
Q

During which stage does formation of ABP occur?

A

Eruptive stage

141
Q

Order of tissue resorption during exfoliation

A

1st- Cementum
2nd- Dentin & Pulp
3rd- Enamel

142
Q

Enamel formation vs root formation & maturation

A

Enamel is fully formed but not calcified until several years after eruption

Root formation occurs during the eruptive stage and aids in eruption

Both finish maturing post eruption

143
Q

What is the current eruption theory?

A

Myofibroblasts of PDL exhibit contractile capabilities, pulling tooth in an axial direction

144
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands and their secretion

A

Parotid gland- pure serous
Submandibular- mixed
Sublingual- mixed

145
Q

Which glands secrete intermittently and continuously?

A

Major glands secrete intermittently

Minor glands secrete continuously

146
Q

What are the 3 acinar cell types?

A

Pure serous TSU- watery thin saliva
Pure mucous TSU- viscous, thick saliva
Mixed TSU- combination secretion

147
Q

Mandibular condyle CT covering in children

A

Covered by hyaline cartilage

148
Q

Mandibular condyle CT covering in adults

A

Covered by fibrocartilage

149
Q

Cells of the articular disc

A

Composed of collagen and elastin

Collagen derived from fibroblasts

150
Q

Cells of acute inflammation

A

Presence of PMN’s

More symptoms, pain etc.

151
Q

Cells of chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

Less symptoms, pain etc.

152
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Color change
Swelling/edema

Bleeding and suppuration

153
Q

Cardinal symptoms of inflammation

A

Pain
Heat
Loss of function (cant chew)

154
Q

Which anesthesia blocks must be administered to cover the maxillary 1st molar?

A

MSA and PSA

121 Histology & Embryology (15 decks)

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