Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med surg 2 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

(41 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Chain of Infection
( 6 things)

A
  1. Causative Organism
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of exit
  4. Route of transmission
  5. Susceptible Host
  6. Portal of Entry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 types of Hypersensitivity

A

Type1: Anaphylactic
Type 2: Cytotoxic
Type 3: Immune Complex
Type 4: Delayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Type 1 Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity

A

Most Severe. Rapid onset.

edema in many tissues, including the larynx, and is often accompanied by hypotension, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse in severe cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type 2 Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

A

ex: wrong blood given during a transfusion

occurs when antibodies are directed against antigens on cells or basement membranes of tissues. This reaction can lead to cell lysis and tissue damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type 3 Immune Complex Hypersensitivity

A

ex: Rheumatoid Arthritis

damaging inflammatory reaction caused by the insoluble immune complexes formed by antigens that bind to antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type 4 Delayed Hypersensitivity

A

ex: TB infection

T cell–mediated immune reaction after exposure to an antigen. This immune reaction typically occurs 24 to 48 hours after exposure to an antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Airborne Precautions

Live on air on MTV

A

Measules
TB
Varicella

Hospitalized patient should be
in a negative pressure room with
the door closed; health care
providers should wear an N-95
respirator (mask) at all times
when in the room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Droplet Precautions

Pimp my ride Drop cars

PIMP

A

Pertussis
Influenza
Meningitis
Pneumonia

Wear a face mask but door may
remain open; transmission is
limited to close contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EPI PEN
Epinephrine

A

Used to prevent an anaphylactic reaction.
- inject in the middle of your outer thigh (upper leg)
-hold for 10 seconds
- through clothing, if necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Barrett Esophagus

A

liver enzymes must be checked regularly, as H2 receptor antagonists may cause hepatic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring of the liver

-Nutritional deficiency with reduced protein intake contributes to liver destruction in cirrhosis, but excessive alcohol intake is the major causative factor in fatty live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Common cause of * Osteomyelitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DIGOXIN (cardiac glyceride) digs for a deeper contraction

A

Deep contractions.
Decreases the HR
Digoxin is a TOXIN (over 2)

Monitor Kidney function. Creatine Labs
Monitor potassium if its getting too low. (MONITOR ELECTROLYTES)

  • digoxin is used in HF and to control ventricular response to afib. (antiarrhythmic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diuretics

A

Decrease BP
Draining fluid
Dehydrate

Potassium wasting: end in IDE. Furosemide

Potassium Sparing: spironolactone spares and blocks aldosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diagnostic Test: CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
* Remember you give contrast (iodine)

A

two types: Left or Right.

Test is used to show blockages and heart function. It can also be used to place a cardiac stent in the heart valves IF there is a blockage or a MI.

Nursing CONCERNS:
-Circulation (check peripheral pulses)
- Hematoma/ Bleeding
- hypotension due to loss of blood
- Evaluate temperature, color, and capillary refill of affected extremity
- Screen for arrhythmias
- Maintain bed rest 2 to 6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heart Failure (HF)

A

a disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood; thus, the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic demands or needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Right Sided HF
Right side ROCKS the body with fluid

Study These Flashcards
A

Right side is TOO WEAK TO PUMP USED BLOOD TO the LUNGS.

  • Peripheral Edema
  • Weight Gain= water gain
  • Hepatomegaly (big liver)
  • Splenomegaly (big spleen)
  • JVD (big neck veins)
  • Ascites
18
Q

Left-sided HF
Lung Fluid
Caused by damage to the myocardia heart muscle.

Study These Flashcards
A

Left side of your heart pumps FRESH BLOOD to the rest of your body THROUGH YOUR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. The left ventricle is larger and stronger than the right because it must pump blood through your whole body.

-Pulmonary Edema
- Crackles (rales) in the lungs
- Dyspnea and Orthopnea (SOB lying flat)
- S3 or ventricular gallop
- pink frothy sputum
- low O2
- oliguria
- non productive cough
- Cyanosis

19
Q

hydrochloroTHIAZIDE

Study These Flashcards
A

IS A POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC. aids in reducing BP

20
Q

B-Type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP) Lab
Diagnosing HF

BNP BULGING VENTRICLES

Study These Flashcards
A

100 & Less is Normal
300+ Mild
600+ Moderate
900+ Severe

21
Q

Digoxin Dose, Side effects and Toxicity

Study These Flashcards
A

Dose: 0.5-2

Side effects: anxiety, hallucinations, unusual tiredness and fatigue
CV: : dysrhythmias, including bradycardia or tachycardia
CNS: headaches, fatigue, malaise, confusion, convulsions

Poisoning and toxicity:
- Visual Disturbances
- Nausea/vomiting
- Arrhythmias
- Electrolyte imbalances

Antidote: Digibind (digoxin immune fab). It binds to the digoxin molecules.

22
Q

HIV Human Immune Deficiency Virus

Study These Flashcards
A

Immune deficiency is acquired:
-Due to medical treatment such as chemotherapy
-Infection from agents such as HIV

Despite advances in treating HIV, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a public health issue

Prevention, early detection, and ongoing treatment are important aspects for care

PLWHA—persons living with HIV/AIDS

Treatments/ Medications: Anti-Virals, Antiretroviral Drugs (used in combination).

23
Q

Modes of Transmission of HIV

Study These Flashcards
A

HIV-1 transmitted in body fluids that contain infected cells:
Blood and blood products
Seminal fluid
Vaginal secretions
Mother-to-child: Amniotic fluid, breast milk
Not through casual contact

24
Q

Cancer that is opportunistic to HIV

Study These Flashcards
A

Kaposi sarcoma in the mouth and back.

Appears first on the oral mucosa as red, purple or blue lesions

25
Lipid Panel what to do
NPO the night before so cholesterol is not altered.
26
Hepatic Encephalopathy Ammonia (should be 15-45) building up, gets into the blood stream and can cause swelling of the brain.
Two major alterations underlie its development in acute and chronic liver disease Hepatic insufficiency: the inability of the liver to detoxify toxic by-products of metabolism Portosystemic shunting: collateral vessels develop allowing elements of the portal blood (laden with potentially toxic substances usually extracted by the liver) to enter the systemic circulation Early signs: mental changes and motor disturbances
27
Standard Precautions used for all patients * The primary strategy for preventing health care–associated infection (HAI)
* Hand hygiene * Use of gloves and other barriers * Proper handling of patient care equipment and linen * Environmental control * Prevention of injury from sharp devices and needles * Patient placement
28
Contact Precautions skin to skin
* Clostridium difficile * Use of barriers and cautious techniques to prevent transmission * Masks not needed * COVID-19: combination of transmission-based precautions, increased use of PPE, enhanced cleaning, and adjusted visitor policies
29
Gerontologic Considerations
Important to distinguish normal aging changes from abnormal changes * Structural and physiologic changes * Motor and sensory alterations * Temperature regulation and pain perception * As the body gets older, it is hard to regulate body temperature. Mostly due to the decrease in the amount of fat below the skin makes it harder to stay warm. * Determine previous mental status for comparison. Assess mental status carefully to distinguish delirium from dementia
30
Seizure Medication
Anticonvulsants are FIRST
31
Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges
Bacterial : strep (septic) or Viral (Aseptic)
32
Bacterial Meningitis
- mostly caused by strep Manifestations: Painful, stiff neck with limited range of motion, Headaches, High fever, Feeling confused or sleepy, Bruising easily all over the body, A rash on the skin, Sensitivity to light. * Tx :Antibiotics: Rifampin, Quinolones (eg, Ciprofloxacin), Ceftriaxone
33
Viral Meningitis
* Is the most common type of meningitis. * Caused by viral infections that may include: Viruses such as herpes simplex virus, HIV , mumps virus, West Nile virus, etc. * Treatments vary * Average recovery can be between 7-10 days w/o treatment * Can use antibiotics, coticosteriods, fluids, etc
34
Management of Bell's Palsy
Medical * Corticosteroid therapy may be used to reduce inflammation and diminish severity of the disorder * Nursing * Provide and reinforce information and reassurance that stroke has not occurred * Protection of the eye from injury; cover eye with shield at night, instruct patient to close eyelid, use of eye ointment and sunglasses * Facial exercises and massage to maintain muscle tone
35
Bell's Palsy
Facial paralysis caused by unilateral inflammation of the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve) * Manifestations: unilateral facial muscle weakness or paralysis with facial distortion, increased lacrimation, and painful sensations in the face; may have difficulty with speech and eating * Most patients recover completely in 3 to 5 weeks, and the disorder rarely recurs
36
Gabapentin
Anticonvulsant and Nerve pain medication
37
Rheumatoid Arthritis
38
Paget's Disease
Disorder of localized bone turnover. new bone that is abnormally shaped, weak, and brittle. S/S skeletal deformities. mild to moderate aching pain Pharm: antineoplastic therapy -NSAIDS - Calcitonin - Biphosphates - Plicamycin (antibiotic) for severe cases.
39
Rheumatoid Arthritis RA=Rude Pain Mainly seen in Hands
autoimmune disorder. body attacks its joints (causing major inflammation and joint deformity) S/S: morning joint stiffness fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, Diags: xray, mri, arthroscopy, synovial fluid aspiration, blood test( Rheumatic factor, ESR, c-reactive protien)
40
Rheumatoid Arthritis management
Pain control low impact exercise (swimming or walking) heat and cold to affected area/ joints Pharm: NSAIDS or SEROIDS decrease swelling METHOTREXATE: immunosuppressant
41
Lupus
Autoimmunie disorder. causing inflammation in the connecting tissues. (skin, joints, kidneys, and heart) AVOID THE FOUR S's Sun/UV, Smoking, Stress (physical and emotional), Sepsis Pleuritis: inflammation of the pleura tissues around the lungs. SCRATCHING sound heard in the lungs

Med surg 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions