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Bio 201 (Anat + Phys) > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

List in order the major structural levels of organization in the human body

A
  1. atoms
  2. cells
  3. tissues
  4. organs
  5. organ system
  6. organism
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2
Q

what are the components of a feedback loop

A

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

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3
Q

describe a stimulus

A

a change in the internal or external environment

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4
Q

describe a receptor

A

proteins or cells that detect stimuli/ act as sensors

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5
Q

describe control center

A

receives info from receptors and determines response

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6
Q

describe effector

A

structures or organs that carry out the response

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7
Q

describe response

A

the action taken to counteract the stimulus

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8
Q

list the intercellular junctions

A

tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes, adherens junctions, hemidesmosomes

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9
Q

describe tight junctions

A

prevents substances from leaking in or out, controls what molecules enter cell

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10
Q

describe gap junctions

A

they constantly stay open, allow small molecules to pass through

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11
Q

describe desmosomes

A

anchoring junctions, they hold adjacent cells together

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12
Q

describe adherens junctions

A

helps cells stick together through adherin proteins

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13
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

velcro that holds cells to the ECM

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14
Q

Describe the difference in simple and stratified epithelia

A

simple is a single layer, while stratified is multiple layers

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15
Q

what is the overall purpose of simple epithelia

A

to facilitate diffusion, absorption, secretion, and filtration; substances can easily pass through because of there only being one layer

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16
Q

what is the overall purpose of stratified epithelia

A

protection; the multiple layers create a barrier to protect from stress and damage

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17
Q

how are skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle similar

A

both are striated

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18
Q

how are skeletal and cardiac muscles different

A
  • skeletal are long with many nuclei, while cardiac are branched.
    Cardiac muscles have desmosomes
  • skeletal is voluntary, and cardiac is not
  • skeletal can experience fatigue while cardiac can’t
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19
Q

Describe synovial membranes

A

special membranes found in synovial joints that create synovial fluid

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20
Q

what is the most common type of joint in the human body

A

synovial joints

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21
Q

describe the structure of synovial joints

A

outer layer: synovial membrane or synovium. has
synoviocytes
inner layer: basement membrane with collagen
fiber

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22
Q

what are the 2 different types of synoviocytes

A

Type A or macrophage-like cells: removes debris
from synovial fluid
Type B or fibroblast-like cells: produces synovial
fluid

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23
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid

A

lubrication, shock absorption, nutrient supply, waste removal

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24
Q

list the layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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25
what layer of the skin is avascular
the epidermis (it lacks blood vessels)
26
Describe the function of keratin in the skin
it's like the tough armor of the skin, also keeps your hair and nails sturdy
27
list the layers of the epidermis in order from top to bottom
Come let's get sun burnt. stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
28
list the parts of a long bone
diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum
29
describe the diaphysis
long shaft of the bone; compact bone
30
describe the epiphysis
the rounded end of a long bone; spongey bone; has red bone marrow
31
describe the metaphysis
region between the diaphysis and epiphysis; contains epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
32
describe the articular cartilage
thin line of hyalin cartilage that covers the epiphysis, where it forms a joint with another bone; reduces friction and absorbs shock
33
describe the periosteum
a tough membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone; involved in bone growth and repair
34
describe the medullary cavity
aka the marrow cavity; hollow space within the diaphysis, holds yellow bone marrow, fat cells, and used for fat storage
35
describe the endosteum
a thin membrane that lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity
36
define osteoblasts
cells that build bones
37
define osteoclasts
cells that break down bone; regulates calcium levels
38
define osteocytes
mature bone cells that are embedded in the bone. send messages to regulate bone remodeling
39
Describe the difference in longitudinal and appositional growth
longitudinal is when the bones grow length wise; happens in the epiphyseal plates and ends at puberty appositional grows in thickness, happens forever; it strengthens the bones overtime
40
describe the function of calcitonin
restricts osteoclasts; helps regulate blood calcium levels by stopping bone resorption; allows bone to deposit calcium
41
describe the function of calcitriol
stimulates osteoblasts
42
describe the function of the parathyroid hormone
stimulates osteoclasts; helps regulate blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones
43
list the bones of the arm from proximal to distal
humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
44
list the bones of the leg from proximal to distal
femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
45
Describe the three functional classes of joints
- synarthrosis (immovable joints) - amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) - diarthrosis (freely moveable)
46
list the types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
47
list the types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses, symphyses
48
list the types of synovial joints
-ball and socket -hinge -pivot -condyloid -saddle -gliding
49
what's an example of a ball and socket joint
rotating your hip to kick a ball
50
what's an example of a hinge joint
extending your leg to kick a ball
51
what's an example of a pivot joint
shaking your head no
52
what's an example of a condyloid joint
rotating your wrist to wave goodbye
53
what's an example of a saddle joint
spreading your fingers out then bringing them back together
54
what's an example of a gliding joint
gliding your hand across a table
55
define endomysium
a membrane that wraps around each individual muscle fiber
56
define perimysium
a membrane that wraps around fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
57
define epimysium
a membrane that wraps around an entire muscle
58
describe parallel (fusiform) muscles
the fibers are parallel; biceps brachii
59
describe convergent (triangular) muscles
fibers converge towards a single tendon; pectoralis major
60
describe pennate muscles
feather muscles; rectus femoris unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
61
describe circular (sphincter) muscles
circular muscles; orbicularis oris
62
List the seven criteria used to name muscles
1. location 2. shape 3. size 4. direction 5. number of heads or divisions 6. points of attachment 7. function
63
Describe the four functional groups of skeletal muscle and give examples of each
1. agonists; biceps brachii 2. antagonist; triceps brachii 3. synergists; brachialis 4. supraspinatus
64
Describe the sliding filament mechanism
1. muscle is stimulated 2. cross bridge 3. power stroke 4. detachment and reset 5. repeat
65
Define resting membrane potential
when a cell is more negatively charged than the environment around it; typically -70
66
Put the events of excitation in order
1. resting state 2. depolarization 3. action potential 4. repolarization 5. hyperpolarization 6. resting state
67
what are the 3 mechanisms for generating ATP
1. phosphocreatine system 2. glycolytic system 3. oxidative phosphorylation
68
describe the phosphocreatine system
provides a rapid but limited source of ATP
69
describe the glycolytic system
used after phosphocreatine; produces a small amount of ATP quickly
70
describe oxidative phosphorylation
used during prolonged muscle activity; most efficient source of ATP but slow
71
Describe type I and type II muscle fibers
Type 1: slow twitch; endurance activities Type 2: fast twitch; sprinting/weight lifting
72
Explain the effect of myelination
it makes signals travel much faster
73
Define depolarization
when positively charged ions rush into a cell, making it less negative
74
define repolarization
when a cell returns to its natural resting state
75
define hyperpolarization
when the inside of a cell becomes more negative than its resting state
76
define gray matter
the part of the brain and spinal cord that contains cell bodies and connections between nerve cells. It's where information processing and decision-making happen
77
define white matter
made of nerve fibers covered in myelin; acts as a communication network
78
List the parts of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex; frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes
79
Describe the function of the cerebellum
1. movement 2. balance 3. motor and skill learning 4. cognitive functions
80
what are the 2 main divisions of the PNS
1. somatic nervous system: controls movement and send sensory info to CNS 2. autonomic nervous system: regulates involuntary bodily functions
81
what are the 2 divisions of the somatic nervous system
1. somatic sensory: carries sensory info to CNS 2. somatic motor: carries motor commands from CNS to skeletal muscles
82
what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
1. sympathetic: fight or flight 2. parasympathetic: rest and digest
83
describe the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium
1. endo: wraps individual nerve fibers 2. peri: bundles of nerve fibers (fascicles) 3. epi: surrounds peripheral nerve
84
describe the flexion (withdrawal) reflex
pulls a body part away from a painful stimulus
85
describe the crossed-flexion reflex
when the opposite limb extends to help keep balance from the limb that was withdrawn

Bio 201 (Anat + Phys) (12 decks)

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