Final Review Flashcards
(182 cards)
Characteristics of living things
1: maintain internal order
2: capable of reproduction
3: capable of growth and development
4: energy use and metabolization
5: maintain homeostasis
6: respond to environment
7: capable of evolution
Vertical Evolution
-progression of changes in a lineage
-new species evolve from pre existing species by the accumulation of mutations that are filtered by natural selection
EXAMPLE: horse
Horizontal Gene Transfer
genetic exchange between different species, extremely rare.
EXAMPLE: antibiotic resistant bacteria
Binomial Nomenclature
- gives each species a unique scientific name
- (Genus)(Species)
- Both italicized, only Genus is capitalized
Genome
the complete genetic makeup of an organism. Genomics, analyzes DNA sequences
Proteome
Complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism can make. The genome carries info to make the proteome.
Steps of scientific method
- make observations
- form hypothesis
- design experiment
- record data
- analyze data
- draw conclusions
- make new hypothesis
Deductive Reasoning
General to specific
Inductive Reasoning
Specific to general
Control group
Untreated test subject used as benchmark
Experimental Group
a group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of a control experiment.
Independent Variable
manipulated by the investigator
what is being tested
Dependent Variable
Represents the result of the manipulation of the experimental variable.
what is being measured
Atoms
- smallest functional units of matter
- cannot be further broken down into other substances
- each specific type of element is a chemical element
- entire atom has no net electric charge
three subatomic particles and there charges
- protons(+)
- neutrons(0)
- electrons(-)
Isotopes
atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons they carry
How are electrons held in atoms
- electrons held in orbitals
- each orbital can hold only 2 electrons
- any atom with more than 2 electrons has more than 1 orbital
Covalent Bonds
- atoms share a pair of electrons
- occurs between atoms whose outer electron shells are not full
- strong chemical bonds because electrons behave as if they belong to each atom
Polar Covalent Bonds
-oxygen has higher electronegativity
-molecule has partial negative region and partial positive region
shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom
EXAMPLE: H2O
Nonpolar covalent
bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities, equal sharing of electrons
EXAMPLE:O2
Hydrogen Bonds
hydrogen atom (slight + charge) from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom.
- do not share electrons
- individually weak
- collectively strong bond
Ionic Bonds
complete transfer of electrons
-ions are formed when an atom loses or gains an electron
properties of water
- cohesion
- high heat of vaporization
- high heat capacity
- density and temperature
- solvent
cohesion
bonds between molecules stick together, responsible for surface tension and viscosity of water