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Patho 2 review > Final Review... > Flashcards

Final Review... Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Secretions of Pancreas?

A

Insulin & Glucagon

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2
Q

After Fasting or Exercising, Glucose levels will be _______ & Insulin levels will be _______

A

Post Fasting/Exercising:

  • Glucagon = Elevated
  • Insulin = Reduced
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3
Q

After Eating a meal, Glucose levels will be _______ & Insulin levels will be _______

A
  • Post Eating Insulin = Elevated
  • Glucagon = Reduced
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4
Q

DM1/DM2: Which is an Idiopathic T-cell mediated auto-immune childhood D/O?

A

DM1 - loss of the insulin producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to a deficiency of insulin.

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5
Q

DM1/DM2: Which is has a genetic predisposition, an onset due to Obesity and can lead to peripheral arterial diseases like Artherosclerosis and other Vascular Insufficiencies?

A

DM 2 – it’s the most common type of DM.

DM2 is the significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly & the leading cause of non-traumatic amputation in adults, & diabetic nephropathy is the main illness requiring renal dialysis in the United States.

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6
Q

Are TRH, GNRH, CRH, GHRH & PRH stimulating or Releasing hormones?

A

They are all Releasing Hormones and are controlled by Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Are TSH (Thyrotrophs), LH/FSH (Gonadotrophs), ACTH/MSH (Corticotrophs), GH (Somatrophs) & Prolactin (Lactotrophs) Stimulating or Releasing Hormones?

A

They are all Stimulating Hormones (minus PROLACTIN) controlled by Anterior Pituitary & 2ry D/O’s of Endocrine system.

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8
Q

Major Difference between Acromegaly & Gigantism? (Both are Pituitary Adenomas)

A

Acromegaly = POSTpuberty & closed Epiphiseal plates

Gigantism = PREpuberty & open Epiphiseal plates (In Puberty Estrogen & Testosterone will stimulate plates to close)

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9
Q

Any Secondary Endocrine D/O will mean there is a presence of a ___________ ________

A

Pituitary Tumor

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10
Q

Cushing’s _________, if we insert steroids into system via injection or drugs, what profile will that mimic? What level?

A

*Cushing’s Syndrome

*Primary = Cortisol increase will support Sympathetic reactions (Cortisol = Sugar) -

**WILL SHUT DOWN production of ACTH Corticotrophic Regulating hormone

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11
Q

If Cushings is a result of Secondary cause of INCREASE in ACTH, MSH & cortisol, then this is known as _________

A

Cushing’s Disease = “Bronzing”

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12
Q

In Primary Hypothyroidism - how will hormone levels appear?

A
  • T3 + T4 = down
  • TSH = UP
  • Opposite directions “Cushing’s Syndrome”
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13
Q

In Secondary Hypothyroidism aka due to a Pituitary Adenoma - how will hormone levels appear?

A
  • T3 + T4 = down
  • TSH = down

like mother like daughter “Cushing’s Disease”

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14
Q

What type of hormones are Estrogen, Androgens, Progesterone, Aldosterone, Cortisol, Melanin, T3 & T4, Precursors to Sex Hormones, Breast Milk & IGF?

A

Primary Hormones - when elevated, secondary & Hypothalamus are reduced & vice versa

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15
Q

Sertoli cells…

A

are blood-testes barrier, secrete androgen-binding proteins & are scavengers

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16
Q

Leydig cells…

A

produce/secrete testosterone

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17
Q

What are the glands of the Male repro. system that contribute to seminal fluid?

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Culpher’s glands (Bulbourethral)
  3. Seminal vesicles
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18
Q

LH is important for _________ in MRS. And in FSH?

A

LH = production of Testosterone & support leydig cells

FSH = maturation of spermatogenic cells

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19
Q

LH is important for _________ in FRS. And in FSH?

A

LH = ovulation

FSH = follicle production in follicular stage to grow & develop

20
Q

In what disease do the LH & FSH’s have no stimulation or abnormal? What are some clinical presentations?

A

PCOS

S&S/Clinical presentation = Un-Ovulatory cycles, Oligomenorrhea, Amenorrhea, Obesity/Weight gain, Acne, Infertility, hirsutim.

21
Q

What Endocrine disease is PCOS linked to?

A

DM2

22
Q

Typical diagnostic Triad of Endometriosis?

A

*Infertility

*Dysparenia - pain during sex,

*Dysmenorrhea

23
Q

Which two cancers of FRS are strongly considered to be due to STD’S? Which STD’s are the two most common?

A

*Cervical & Vulvar

* Two most common are Chlamydia & Gonorrhea

24
Q

The most lethal/fatal type of Cancer for Women? Why is it most worrisome?

A

*Ovarian Cancer

*No Screening

25
Q

What type of Cancer should you consider in a menstrual bleeding post menopausal female?

A

Endometrial/Uterine

26
Q

In general, what increases the risk of Cancer in Reproductive Organs for Women?

A

Earlier onset (-9) of Menarche and later onset of Menopause - length of Menstrual life. Too late = post age 55

27
Q

In Diabetes Insipidus - specific gravity is _____ & ADH is _____. What is the Triad of characteristics? What is the Urine color? What affect does ADH have in testing?

A

*Specific Gravity = LOW - so Urine will be clear

*ADH = LOW - tubules do not accept

*Triad = PolyUria, Polydipsia & Polyphasia

*Larger than 2L of urine per hour (>5-30L)

* ADH injected - if condition does NOT improve then due to Nephrogenic condition of KD -

if condition improves, then due to Central system in Brain

28
Q

What does Specific Gravity affect? How is it determined?

A

Concentration of Urine; depends on ability of tubules to concentrate urine

Ratio = Osmolarity of Urine divided by Osmolarity of Plasma

29
Q

How will Urine appear in conditions of SIADH (Syndrome of Inapropriate secretion of ADH)?

A

Scanty & Dark Urine - Hypothalamus produces too much AHD

* Increased Specific gravity

30
Q

In DM, what triad will exist? Insulin numbers will be _______.

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Polidipsia
  3. Poliphasia

Insulin will be low

31
Q

Where is the application of ADH?

A

Inhibits Urination in Distal Nephron tubule by reabsorbing more water to blood compartment

32
Q

What are S&S of Meningeal presentation?

A
  1. Stiffness of neck muscles
  2. Photophobia
  3. Occipital stiffness
  4. Severe H/A
  5. Actively check Brudzinsky test
  6. Kernig Test
  7. Spinal Tap test done btwn L3-L5
33
Q

In stroke patients or patients with head trauma, when UMN is affected/injured, how will they react?

A
  1. Reflexes Exaggerated
  2. Muscles spastic
  3. Babinsky Test will be present, and serious - sole of foot stroked & the toes curl in plantar extension aka dorsal flexion/fanning - shd not be present after 18 months of life
34
Q

In a LMN injury, muscles will be ______? What other side affects?

A
  1. Muscles atrophied
  2. Flaccidity/Weakness
  3. Reflexes down or disappear eventually altogether
35
Q

What diasease only has degeneration of both UMN & LMN’s?

A

ALS (Amio-Trophic Lateral Sclerosis) - Lou Gherrig’s

36
Q

Test done for Meningitis, severe neck stiffness causing a patients hips & knees to flex when the neck is flexed?

A

Brusdzinsky Test

37
Q

Test done for Meningtis, severe stiffness of the hanstrings causing an inability to straighten leg when the hip is flexed to 90°?

A

Kernigs Test

38
Q

What type of meningitis usually produces hemorrhaging & thrombosis at the same time & is considered the most deadly? Esp in Adrenals.

A

Bacterial Meningtis - Dissemintated intravascular coagulation

39
Q

What is the difference between a patient suffering from Adenomyosis & Endometryosis?

A
  • Adenomyosis = multi-parous female patient, vigorous contractions of Uterus, implantation of endometrium inside of muscle of Uterus
  • Endometriosis = mostly in fertile females, can be located ectopically
40
Q

Anterior cul de sac is located where? Posterior Cul de sac?

A
  • Anterior between - UB & Ant wall of Uterus
  • Posterior between - Post. wall of Uterus & Ant wall of Rectum aka Pouch of Douglas
41
Q

Why do most people develop ectopic pregnancy’s?

A

PID - usually caused by STD’s (Chlamydia/Ghonorrhea most common)

42
Q

Pap Smear is done for?

A

Cervical Cancer screen, smear from cervical canal to examine epithelium for dysplasia, shd be administered by age 21

43
Q

Dimentia is a profound loss of _________

A
  • Loss of Content of Consciousness - who we are, what life is about, understanding, short & long term memory(antero & retro), judgment loss, Interpretation is lacking, inability to write and do simple math, symbols; Alertness part is still present however
  • Most Common type of Dimentia is Alzheimer’s
44
Q

LH controls ________ phase & FSH controls _______ phase

A
  • Stage 1 - LH controls Follicular phase/Estradiol and Ovulation - endometrium grows and day 14 starts Proliferative for Uterus
  • Stage 2 - LH spikes - Luteal phase for ovary & secretory for Uterus, LH necc. for Ovulation
  • Stage 3 FSH - Luteal Phase/Progesterone secretes, FSH goes up then back down when Menses will occur at end & day one of the next cycle
45
Q

Preeclampsia is diagnosed by:

A

Pregnant women testing + for HYT 2 tests in a row after 20 weeks of gestation

  1. Hypertension
  2. Albuminuria/Polyuria

IF HYT pre 20 weeks then a pre-existing condition

46
Q

Most UTI’s are due to _________

A

Obstruction of Urine somewhere along the system…stubborn one’s will produce struvite stones

47
Q

What is CSF like in Bacterial meningitis?

A

Cloudy & Low Glucose content - runs under higher pressure in spinal tap & there is a larger amount of proteins.

* Most importantly - IT WILL BE LOW IN GLUCOSE LEVELS

Patho 2 review (3 decks)

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