Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four points of all living things?
A
All living things…
- Require nutrients and energy
- Have and use DNA
- Are made of one or more cells
- Sense and respond to change
2
Q
What are the three ways in which living things differ?
A
- Complexity of cell (prokaryote vs. eukaryote)
- Organization (unicellular vs. multicellular)
- Mode of nutrition (producer vs. consumer, ingestion vs. absorption)
3
Q
What are the four parts of Cell Theory?
A
- All living things are made of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
- All cells contain DNA, at least at the start of their lives
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function
4
Q
“The cell is the basic unit of structure and function”
What does this mean?
A
Essentially, that it is the building block of life, and that it is the smallest unit which can perform the basic functions of life, i.e. do metabolism
5
Q
What needs to be included on a microscopic drawing?
A
- Name of organism
- Magnification
- Measured scale
- Labels of all parts if possible
6
Q
What do you look through on a microscope?
A
The eyepiece
7
Q
What are the turny knobs on the microscope called?
A
Coarse and/or fine adjustment
8
Q
Microscope:
What holds the many lenses?
A
The revolving nosepiece
9
Q
Microscope:
What are the lenses closest to the specimen called?
A
Objective lenses
low-power, high-power
10
Q
Microscope:
What acts like the aperture?
A
The diaphragm
11
Q
Microscope:
What’s the light called?
A
Substage lamp
12
Q
Microscope:
What holds the slide down?
A
Stage clip
13
Q
Microscope:
Where do you place the slide?
A
On the stage
14
Q
Microscope:
What is the name of the lens closest to your eye?
A
Ocular lens
15
Q
What is a population?
A
All the inter-breeding members of the same species within a given habitat
16
Q
What is a community?
A
A community consists of all the biotic components within a habitat, from algae to alligators
17
Q
What is an ecosystem?
A
An ecosystem refers to a community interacting with its physical, abiotic environment
18
Q
Are viruses alive?
A
No. They are not made of cells, for they lack both cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. But they’re damn close.
19
Q
What/where is the nucleolus?
A
The centre part of the nucleus.
20
Q
What/where is the nucleus?
A
The large centre brain of the cell
21
Q
What/where is the rough ER?
A
The labyrinth connected to the nucleus, covered in ribosome bumps.
22
Q
What/where is the smooth ER?
A
The tube-ish bits near the rough ER
23
Q
What/where is the cell membrane?
A
The outside of the cell.
24
Q
What/where is the lysosome?
A
The jelly bean organelle.
25
What/where is the mitochondria?
The organelle with the foldy bits inside.
26
What/where is the Golgi apparatus/body?
The pancakes.
27
What/where are the chloroplasts?
The stacks of green things.
28
What does the nucleolus do?
In charge of banging out ribosome parts
29
What does the nucleus do?
House and protects the DNA; the boss of proteins.
30
What does the rough ER do?
Assembles and organizes the proteins produced by the ribosomes.
31
What does the smooth ER do?
Produces lipids
32
What does the cell membrane do?
Guardian of the borders; selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances in and out
33
What does the lysosome do?
The recycling centre; takes care of intracellular digestion
34
What does the Golgi body do?
Sorts, packages, and labels the proteins; the post office.
35
What does the mitochondria do?
Tesla's daydream, the hydro-dam; produces energy, i.e. ATP
36
Why do cells need to be small?
Cells are small so that their proportional surface area is larger, allowing for a better flow of substances across the membrane and better diffusion inside.
e.g. Too long for oxygen to diffuse means suffocation; for carbon dioxide it means poisoning.
37
What is passive transport?
Passive transport is the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
38
What are two differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall and a gargantuan vacuole to to keep their structure. They also have chloroplasts to do photosynthesis.
39
Describe facilitated diffusion.
- Passive
- from high to low
- needs transport proteins
40
Describe active transport.
- Active
- from low to high
- requires ATP
- needs transport protein
41
What does hypotonic mean?
High water, low solute
42
What does hypertonic mean?
Low water, high solute
43
What are three kinds of passive transport?
- osmosis
- facilitated diffusion
- simple diffusion
44
How does osmosis differ from diffusion?
Osmosis is a kind of diffusion, but it is specifically water and always happens across a semi-permeable membrane
45
Explain how a protein is transported from the organelle that produces it to the ECF.
Ribosomes produce polypeptides which are then assembled through the rough ER. They move on through the small ER and bud off into vesicles that head over the the Golgi body. There, the are budded and absorbed through each successive layer of the Golgi body, which sorts, packages, and labels them for transport. Some are then budded off, destined for the membrane. At the membrane, the vesicles fuse with the use of ATP and protein membranes to perform exocytosis, aka they are actively transported to the ECF.
46
What is a producer?
Organisms that harvest energy directly from the environment, mostly through the process of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts.
47
What are consumers?
Organisms that mus obtain energy by eating/consuming other organisms, either parts, whole, remains, or wastes.
48
What is cellular respiration?
sugars + oxygen = released chemical energy + carbon dioxide + water
49
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which producers harvest sunlight and turn it into sugars/carbohydrates
50
Where does photosynthesis take place?
In the chloroplasts
51
Where does cellular respiration take place?
In the mitochondria
52
What forms does the flow of energy take?
light to chemical to heat
53
What is the difference between matter and energy in an ecosystem?
Matter cycles through an ecosystem whereas energy flows through and out, eventually lost through heat energy
54
What is the matter that gets cycled through an ecosystem?
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, etc.
55
Interphase:
| What are the three stages?
1. Growth (G1)
2. DNA synthesis (S)
3. Preparation for division (G2)
56
Interphase:
| What happens during growth?
The cell grows and produces more organelles
57
Interphase:
| What happens during DNA synthesis?
Exactly what it sounds like--DNA is replicated
58
Interphase:
| What happens during preparation for division?
Materials that will be needed for division are produced, i.e. proteins
59
What is the abbreviation for the phases of mitosis?
PMAT
60
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
61
Mitosis:
| What happens in the prophase?
- nuclear membrane dissolves
- spindles form
- chromatin folds up and winds into visible chromosomes
62
Mitosis:
| What happens during metaphase?
- chromosomes line up at the cell's equator
| - spindles attach to the centromeres
63
Mitosis:
| What happens during anaphase?
- the spindles pull apart the sister chromatids and pull them toward the poles
64
Mitosis:
| What happens during telophase?
- nuclear membrane reappears
- chromosomes uncoil
- cytoplasmic division has started
65
What are homologous chromosomes?
The same chromosomes but from different parents
66
How many sets of chromosomes does each cell have?
```
2
23 pairs (humans)
46 total (humans)
```
67
Meiosis:
| What happens during prophase?
- nuclear membrane dissolves
- spindles form
- homologous pairs connect, forming tetrads
- crossing over occurs (mix those genes!)
68
Meiosis:
| What happens to the sister chromatids during crossing-over?
The sister chromatids cross alleles so that they are no longer identical
69
Meiosis:
| What happens during metaphase?
- tetrads line up at the equator
- homologous chromosomes are side by side
- paternal and maternal chromosomes are oriented randomly
70
What is the end result following meiosis II?
4 haploid, non-identical cells
71
Where does mitosis take place in my body?
- Hair or nail growth
| - Repairing a broken bone
72
Where does meiosis take place in my body?
I'm a girl, so I get eggs in the ovaries
73
Which kingdom of life can reproduce both sexually and asexually?
Plants. They reproduce sexually with flowers and seeds, but you can also take a cutting and make an asexual copy of the original.
74
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
- creates genetic variation
| - helps spread to a new environment
75
What is the advantage of genetic variation?
- affords protection from diseases
| - allows for environmental adaptation
76
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
- takes a lot of time
- lots of energy
- requires two parents
- (in plants) requires a pollinator
77
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
- only needs one parent
- can expand quickly in favourable environments
- fast
- cheap, energy wise
78
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
- not much variation to protect against disease or environmental changes
- beneficial mutations are not passed on as quickly
- harmful mutations take longer to get rid of
79
How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years
80
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
4. Analysis
5. Theory
81
What is a hypothesis?
A testable explanation or model of something.
82
What is the point of experimentation?
To test/evaluate the hypothesis
83
What is analysis?
Decide whether the experiment supported or rejected the hypothesis (but never prove).
Not supported? Go back.
84
How is a theory formed?
It is only formed if supported by MANY experiments, e.g. Cell Theory, or Newton's Laws of Motion
85
What are controls?
Variables that need to remain the same in an experiment so that the dependent variable can be properly assessed.
86
What is an independent variable?
The x-axis; the thing that we adjust so as to test the dependent variable.
87
What is a dependent variable?
The y-axis; the thing that will vary and that we are testing and measuring for.
88
In an experiment you need two groups; what are they?
The experimental group and the control group.
89
What is evolution?
Change over time, remember that it occurs in populations, not individuals.
90
Why does the age of the Earth matter in the theory of evolution?
Evolution takes a hella-long time, so for it to work, we need an Earth old enough to have supported life that long
91
What did Charles Lyell do for the theory of evolution?
His book, the Principles of Geology, proposed the theory of uniformity; essentially, he gave us an old Earth.
92
What is the theory of uniformity?
That gradual, repetitive geological processes shaped the Earth over great spans of time
93
What do we call the segments of DNA that decide traits?
Genes
94
What do we call variations of genes?
Alleles
95
What units (DNA) are passed down through generations and account for variation?
Alleles
96
How do alleles relate to evolution
The are the source/cause of random variation between individuals in a population
97
What do we call "leftover" organs or etc. in a species?
Vestigial structures
98
What are the four steps in random variation leading to natural selection?
1. Variation occurs (alleles)
2. Survival advantage
3. Reproductive advantage
4. Allele becomes more frequent in the population
99
What is comparative morphology?
Animals that seem different on the outside actually have similar internal structures, suggesting that they share a common ancestor.
100
What's the kicker in comparative morphology?
Vestigial structures; i.e. Why would this organ (eg) have even developed if it wasn't to be used?
101
What do we call similar structures in comparative morphology?
Homologous structures
102
What evidence does the fossil record give us?
Shit loads of extinction, showing that life has changed; and the layers show simpler organisms as you go further back in time.
103
What is the principle of superposition?
Younger fossils lie on top of older fossils
104
What is the dinosaur boundary called?
The KT Boundary
105
What is artificial selection?
Humans breeding dogs from wolves
106
What is speciation?
The formation of a new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
107
What is micro-evolution?
Micro-evolution occurs when variations (mutations) in alleles become frequent in a population
108
How do biologists explain the presence of the pharyngeal arches in human embryos?
Once upon a time, humans were little fishies that needed gills to breathe water. The pharyngeal arches are vestigial structures that help to demonstrate evolution at work.
109
What is reproductive isolation?
When two populations become separated via geological isolation and can no longer inter-breed
110
How could separated populations become two separate species?
Geographical separation means no more mutated allele swaps, so any variations are confined to the specific populations
111
What are the genes we all share that control our body plans?
Hox genes, short for homeobox
112
Why don't we have more genes? If evolution goes from simple to complex, why don't humans, for example, have hundreds of thousands of genes instead of just the 23,000-ish that we do have?
Hox genes help explain this. They are essentially construction project managers that direct the structural development of an organism by flipping on and off, almost like current switches. The key is that we all have the SAME ones. We started with the same and instead of adding more, the switches just flip. This does a lot to explain both macro- and micro-evolution
113
What is the order of biological classification mnemonic?
Dirty Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex
114
What do protists have in common?
Mostly unicellular
All eukaryotes
Mostly live in water
115
What do animal-like and fungus-like protists have in common?
They are heterotrophs
116
How do animal-like protists get their nutrients?
They ingest to digest;
| they are consumers or parasites.
117
How do fungus-like protists get their nutrients?
They digest outside and absorb nutrients.
118
How do plant-like protists get their nutrients?
They are autotrophic.
119
What is the "real" definition of a protist?
Any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus
120
What's another name for animal-like protists?
Protozoa or protozoans
121
Basically, what are the plant-like protists?
Algae
122
Basically, what are the fungus-like protists?
Decomposers
123
What's that organelle that looks like a star?
The contractile vacuole
124
How does an amoeba move?
Using pseudopodia, false feet, which are extensions of the cytoplasm
125
How does a paramecium move?
Moves using cilia
126
How does a plasmodium move?
It doesn't
127
What do amoeba eat?
Bacteria and other protozoans
128
How does an amoeba eat?
Phagocytosis. By surrounding and engulfing it; the food goes into the food vacuole with digestive enzymes.
129
Which organelle removes excess water?
The contractile vacuole
130
Name two protists that live in fresh water and have contractile vacuoles
Amoeba and protists
131
Why do freshwater protists need contractile vacuoles?
Although they live in fresh water, they are not made of fresh water; this means that they live in a hypotonic environment and water will naturally flow into them by osmosis. They contractile vacuole is a tool of homeostasis, allowing the organism to shuck excess water and return its inner environment to a favourable state.
132
What do we call the protective membrane that amoebas secrete when conditions are unfavourable?
Cysts
133
What sickness can amoeba cause in humans?
Amoebic dysentery from contaminated water
134
How does a paramecium eat?
The food comes in through a mouth pore, is moved into a gullet, and forms a food vacuole.
135
What is the rigid outer membrane of a paramecium called?
Pellicle
136
What are the advantages/disadvantages of the pellicle?
Can't change shape, but offers more protection
137
How does a paramecium remove wastes?
Through the anal pore
138
What's the kicker with paramecium?
They have two nuclei: macro- and micro-nucleus, used to reproduce sexually.
139
What does the macronucleus do in paramecium?
The normal job: controls protein synthesis, digestion, respiration, etc.
140
What does the micronucleus do in paramecium?
Used during conjugal visits
141
How do paramecium reproduce?
Two ways:
1. Asexually (binary fission)
2. Sexually (conjugation)
142
How does sexual reproduction work with paramecium?
Two paramecia join at the mouth pore; they then swap haploid micronuclei (that have undergone meiosis); these then form the macronuclei of the daughter cells after cells separate and each divides.
143
Which protist causes malaria in humans?
Plasmodium
144
How is plasmodium spread?
Through the anopheles mosquito
145
What's a parasite?
An organism that lies on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism
146
What's a vector?
An organism that can carry a parasite and is responsible for infecting other organisms with that parasite
147
Why are plant-like protists so bloody important?
They produce shit tons of oxygen
148
What are three examples of plant-like protists?
Diatoms
Spirogyra
SOME euglena
149
What are euglena?
Mostly animal-like but occasionally plant-like protists
150
How do euglena move?
With a flagella
151
What physical feature puts euglena apart?
They have an eyespot.
152
What does the eyespot on a euglena do?
Senses light so it can places to photosynthesize
153
When do euglena become animal-like?
When they are kept in the dark and need to get energy as consumers
154
What are the main producers of oxygen in the oceans?
Diatoms
155
Why are diatoms so important in the ocean? (apart from the oxygen thing)
They are an important food source for marine animals, i.e. plankton
156
What sets diatoms apart physiologically?
They produce thin cell walls of silica
157
What do we call pond scum, aka multicellular algae?
Spirogyra
158
Spirogyra have bucket loads of what?
Chloroplasts
159
Are spirogyra multicellular organisms?
No, they are long filaments of cells connected end-to-end
160
Where do you find spirogyra and what do they look like?
They appear as slimy green mats on the surface of clean, nutrient-rich water; literally, this is pond scum
161
What is the common name for fungus-like protists?
Water mold
162
How do fungus-like protists work?
They form a mesh of nutrient-absorbing filaments.
163
How do euglena get their nutrients?
Photosynthesis and consumption of bacteria and smaller protists.
164
What are the 8 main parts of bacteria/archaea?
```
Cell wall
Capsule
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Flagellum
Pilus
DNA
Ribosomes
```
165
What are the five types of archaea?
```
Chemosynthetic
Photosynthetic
Halophiles
Methanogens
Thermophiles
```
166
What are chemosynthetic bacteria?
They use chemicals to obtain energy and are found on the ocean floor.
167
What are thermophiles?
Bacteria that live in hot springs, lava, etc.
168
What do we call the group of bacteria that do cellular respiration without oxygen?
Obligate anaerobes
169
What are halophiles?
Bacteria that live in salty environments
170
What are methanogens?
Bacteria that live in animal guts and sewage treatment plants, and produce methane gas
171
What do we call bacteria that get energy from dead organisms (decomposers)?
Saprophytes
172
How do most bacteria obtain energy/nutrients?
They are heterotrophs
173
What do we call bacteria that get food from living organisms without killing them?
Parasites
174
What is another name for photosynthetic bacteria?
Blue-green algae
175
What are sphere-shaped bacteria called?
Cocci
176
What are rod-shaped bacteria called?
Bacilli
177
What are spiral-shaped bacteria called?
Spirilli
178
What do we call bacteria that cluster?
Staphylo
179
What do we call bacteria that chain?
Strepto
180
How do bacteria stick together?
The sticky capsule!
181
Which virus causes shingles?
Varicella zoster virus
182
What are the symptoms of shingles?
```
A painful rash that develops on one side of the face or body. The rash forms blisters that typically scab over in 7 to 10 days and clears up within 2 to 4 weeks.
Other symptoms:
- Fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Upset stomach
```
183
How is shingles transmitted?
| 4 points
- Shingles cannot be passed from one person to another.
- The varicella zoster virus, can be spread from a person with active shingles to another person who has never had chickenpox. In such cases, the person exposed to the virus might develop chickenpox, but they would not develop shingles.
- The virus is spread through direct contact with fluid from the rash blisters caused by shingles.
- A person is not infectious before the blisters appear. Once the rash has developed crusts, the person is no longer contagious.
184
What is the best treatment/prevention for shingles?
There is a shingles vaccine and people over 60 are recommended to get it.
There are several antivirals for treatment, but to be effective, they must be started as soon as possible after the rash appears.
Pain medicine, calamine, and oatmeal baths can help with the pain and itching.
185
Which bacteria cause ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
186
How do bacteria reproduce?
Mostly asexually
187
What's it called when cells split?
Binary fission
188
What's up with the DNA in bacteria reproduction?
There's a single strand of DNA that gets replicated; there are no chromosomes.
189
What's up with bacteria conjugation?
Plasmids are transferred through a cytoplasmic bridge formed by a pilus
190
What's a plasmid?
A small, separate, circular piece of DNA
191
What are some advantages to bacteria?
- They are part of food for us
- Symbiotic relationship with plants
- They decompose waste
- They recycle nutrients (complete the loop)
- Help digest food
192
What are some disadvantages of bacteria?
- Kill our species in the millions
- Destroy food and property
- Create general unpleasantness such as bad breath, acne, etc.
193
What are the basic parts of viruses?
They are basically just DNA/RNA surrounded by protein
194
What is the protein coat of a virus called?
Capsid
195
What are two other things that a virus might have?
Enzymes to help it inject DNA into the host, and an envelope formed of little bits of membrane they steal from the host.
196
Why aren't viruses alive?
| four points
- They don't do homeostasis
- They do not do cellular respiration
- They do not grow or develop
- They cannot reproduce on their own
197
What life-like qualities do viruses have?
- They do reproduce, just not on their own
- They evolve/mutate
- They have limited movement
198
What are the four types of viruses?
Bacteriophages
Adenoviruses
Retroviruses - RNA viruses
DNA viruses
199
What are bacteriophages?
Viruses that infect bacteria; they can be considered helpful because they kill bacteria that can harm us
200
What are adenoviruses?
Infects animals; causes eye infections, common colds, hepatitis, etc.
201
What is the structure of an adenovirus like?
It has a 20-sided protein cot with a spike at each corner
202
What are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which converts RNA to DNA inside host cells
203
What do retroviruses cause?
Influenza, rabies, AIDS
204
Which viruses have lipid envelopes?
RNA and DNA viruses
205
What do DNA viruses cause?
Smallpox and herpes
206
What are the two virus cycles in bacteriophages called?
Lytic and lysogenic
207
Which cycle kills the host cell?
The lytic cycle
208
What are the five stages in the lytic cycle?
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Replication + Synthesis
4. Assembly
5. Release
209
What does "lysic" actually mean?
The "breaking" of the cell; BOOM!
210
How do the lytic and lysogenic stages differ?
There is no synthesis of parts in the lysogenic cycle; the virus basically remains dormant until the time is right, then BAM!
211
What's the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have only a simple DNA molecule which (unlike in eukaryotes) does not coil into chromosomes and is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
212
What is the difference between archaea and bacteria?
Archaea are older and found in more extreme environments
213
What are cyanobacteria sometimes classified as plants?
They carry out photosynthesis: they fix carbon from CO2 into organic compounds and produce oxygen.
214
Describe binary fission
The DNA molecule of a bacterium is replicated and the two molecules are separated by membrane and wall material while it continues to grow. When it has almost doubled in size, the new membranes and walls between the DNA molecules are completed and two identical cells result
215
Why are bacteria important for our digestion?
They break down certain food molecules and produce vitamins, including vitamin K
216
What structure protects bacteria?
The capsule offers some protection against things like white blood cells
217
What is a bacterium's capsule made of?
Sticky polysaccharides
218
What are the function of pili?
They help bacteria cling to surfaces, and sex pili enable conjugation
219
Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic pathways.
In the lytic pathway, the virus uses the host cells to reproduce, then kills the cell.
In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is inserted into the host DNA molecule and is duplicated along with host DNA when cells divides.
220
What are the two main differences between the lytic and lysogenic pathways?
Viral proteins are made vs. not made
Cells are killed vs. not killed
221
Do viruses and bacteria cause disease in the same way?
No. Viruses hijack the host cell and prevent the cells from functioning properly, whereas bacteria invade human tissues and cause disease through the toxic substances they produce and release.
222
What is mutualism?
Mutualism is a species interaction in which each species benefits by associating with the other.
223
What is obligate mutualism?
It means that the two species literally need each other, e.g. milkweeds and monarchs
224
What is mutual protection?
When the two species use each other for protection, e.g. the clown fish and anemone
225
What are competitive interactions?
Essentially, resource wars.
| Since resources are scarce and limited, there is major competition for them.
226
What is an ecological niche?
The environmental conditions under which an organism can survive and thrive.
227
What is resource partitioning?
The evolutionary process by which species adapt to share resources in a way that limits competition.
228
What is predation?
An species interaction in which one species (predator) captures, kills, and eats another species (prey).
229
What is ecological succession?
A process in which one array of species replaces another
230
What is primary succession?
When NOTHING was there, e.g. new volcanic land or glaciers receding
231
What is a pioneer species?
The first species to appear in a primary succession, usually lichen or mosses
232
What do pioneer species do?
They are opportunistic colonizers that help to build and improve soils
233
How do lichens create soil?
They lichen breaks down the rock, producing organic materials; other organic matter blows in with the wind, and soil is formed.
234
What is lichen?
A form of mutualism with a pairing of fungus and algae/cynobacteria
235
How do the fungus benefit in lichen?
The algae and cynobacteria do photosynthesis; the algae makes sugars
236
How do the algae/cynobacteria benefit in lichen?
The fungus absorbs minerals from breaking down the rock and retains water (otherwise they'd just dry up)
237
What is a secondary succession?
When one array replaces another in a disturbed region, e.g. the OK Mtn Park fire
238
Who developed the taxonomic categories?
Carl Linnaeus
239
Our system of naming uses two names--what's that called?
Binomial nomenclature
240
What is taxonomy?
The science of classification
241
How many known, living, and named species are there on Earth?
2 - 4.5 million
242
How many estimated species are there on Earth?
10 - 100 million
243
How many species is it estimated that we lose a year?
50 000
244
How is a species defined?
Organisms with similar characteristics that produce fertile offspring
245
What is the problem with our current definition of a species?
We run into problems with unicellulars that reproduce asexually.
246
What is a dichotomous key?
A key for the identification of organisms
247
What are the three domains?
Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
248
What are the five kingdoms?
Monera, plantae, fungi, protista, animalia
249
What is the underground part of a fungus called?
The mycellium network
250
What does the mycellium do?
They look for molecules to break down.
251
Where do fungi live?
In warm,dark, moist conditions rich in organic matter
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What are the benefits of fungi?
- They decompose and recycle nutrients
- Mycorrhiza helps trees and other plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil
- Lichens make soil
- Food: mushrooms and blue cheese
- Baking and brewing: yeast
- Antibiotics: penicillin
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What are the negatives of fungi?
- Fungal crop parasites spoil food
- Mold damage to homes
- Parasites on humans, e.g. athlete's foot
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What is mycorrhiza?
It is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of vascular plants.
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What do fungi get from mycorrhiza?
They get sugars (carbohydrates/energy) from the plants
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What do plants get from mycorrhiza?
They gain nutrients and water from the soil
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What are hyphae?
They are the long, branching filaments in the fungi underground network, collectively called the mycelium network
258
What do hyphae do?
They search out and digest food
259
Where do hyphae come from?
They grow from a single spore (mitosis)
260
How do fungi break down food?
Externally; they secrete digestive enzymes onto food, then absorb the resulting small food molecules
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Describe the life cycle of fungi.
- Haploid spore (n) grows into the hyphae
- Undergoes cytoplasmic fusion
- Now in the dikaryotic state (n + n)
- Grows into fruiting body
(in the cut out of the gill)
- undergoes nuclear fusion (2n), fertilization
- Undergoes meiosis
- Now back to haploid (n) spore to be blown in the wind
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What are the four major events in the evolution of land plants?
1. Zygote protection and waxy cuticle
2. Vascular tissue
3. Pollen grain and seed
4. Fruits and flowers
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What's the biggest difference between plants, fungi, and animals?
Animals: diploid dominant
Plants: alternation of diploid and haploid generations
Fungi: dikaryotic stage
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What plants are associated with the first major event in the evolution of land plants?
Bryophytes
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What plants are associated with the second major event in the evolution of land plants?
Seedless vascular plants
266
What plants are associated with the third major event in the evolution of land plants?
Gymnosperms
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What plants are associated with the fourth major event in the evolution of land plants?
Angiosperms
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What plants are bryophytes?
Mosses
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What are the characteristics of bryophytes?
Short, no true leaves and no real roots; only found in moist habitats
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Why doesn't moss grow tall?
- It has no way of transporting water up and down
| - It would fall over (no vascular tissue)
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Why do bryophytes need moist environments?
It can only sexually reproduce in water; the sperm must "swim" to the egg
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What plants are "seedless vascular plants"?
Ferns, horsetails, etc.
273
What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
- has roots
- grows to over 30 cm
- stem walls show channels in cross-section
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What do seedless vascular plants have in common with bryophytes?
Still cannot reproduce in dry environments
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What kind of plants are gymnosperms?
Conifers
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What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?
- Seeds!
- Pollen grains travel through the air from male to female structures and gametes meet after arrival (never exposed to air)
- Seed allows dispersal of protected embryo (increased survival rate of offspring)
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What kind of plants are angiosperms?
Maples, roses, dandelions, etc.
| This is by FAR the most diverse group.
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What is the point of fruit?
A fruit covering protects seeds and attracts animals; animals eating fruits disperse seeds in the feces
279
What is the point of flowers?
The colours and nectar attract insect and bird pollinators who carry pollen grains along as they travel from one flower to the next, effecting pollination
280
Flower parts: What's the peener/tube part called?
Carpel
281
Flower parts: The thing that looks like a petal but isn't
Sepal
282
Flower parts: What holds the stigma, style, and ovary?
Pistil
283
Flower parts: Hole at the top of the pistil
Stigma
284
Flower parts: Tube of the pistil
Style
285
Flower parts: Tank of the pistil
Ovary
286
Flower parts: Eggy bits
Ovule
287
Flower parts: Stem of the stamen
Filament
288
Flower parts: Pollen sack of the stamen
Anther
289
Flower parts: Lady bits
The pistil
290
Flower parts: man bits
The stamen
