Final Review Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Layering differs from cuttings in that…
A
Initial rooting takes place while attached to parent plant
2
Q
Near East
A
-10,00-Wheat-Barley-Peas-Lentils-
3
Q
Central America/ Mexico
A
-9000-Squash-Avocado-Beans-Amaranth-Chili pepper-Corn
4
Q
Far East/China
A
-8,500-Rice-Soybeans
5
Q
South America
A
-7,000-Potato-Cassava
6
Q
New Guinea Highlands
A
-7,000-Banana-Taro
7
Q
Eastern North America
A
-4,500-Sunflower-Mash-elder-Goose-foot-Gourds
8
Q
Sub-Saharan Africa
A
-4,000-Sorghum-Millet
9
Q
Teosinte Glume Architecture 1(TGA1)
A
-Function; Mutation Caused kernels to be naked.-Benefit to man; Easy to prepare and eat.-Disadvantage to plants: Seeds destroyed in the gust of wild animals.
10
Q
Teosinte Branched 1(TB1)
A
-Function:Reduced tillering and branching of stalk.-Benefit to man: Small number of large ears.-Disadvantage to plants: Fertilization less efficient.
11
Q
Days To Harvest
A
-Many-Function: Uniform time of flowering.-Benefit to man: Single harvest.-Disadvantage to plants: Subject to droughts, natural disasters.
12
Q
Loss of Seed Dormancy
A
-Many-Function: Seeds germinate upon planting-Benefit to man: full stands of uniform grain.-Disadvantage to plants: Fall germination and death of seedlings.
13
Q
PAR
A
-Photosynthetically Active Radiation
14
Q
PPF
A
-Photosynthetic Photon flux-Amount of PAR Photons striking a unit area per unit of time.-Measured in micromols per meter squared per second.-Measures PAR between (400 to 700 nm)
15
Q
PPF at noon on a summer day
A
200 umols m2- sec1-
16
Q
PPF range for Photosynthetic compensation Point
A
-Varies from Species to species-generally between 30 and 120 umols m2- sec1-
17
Q
Photosynthesis
A
6CO2+6H20–sunlight–>C6H1206+6O2
18
Q
What is produced by light reactions?
A
-ATP-NADPH-These are used to fuel Calvin Cycle
19
Q
What is produced by Dark reactions?
A
-Uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
20
Q
Respiration
A
C6H1206+6O2—->6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
21
Q
Amarath
A
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
22
Q
Avacados
A
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
23
Q
Bananas
A
-7,000-New Guinea Highlands
24
Q
Barley
A
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
25
Beans
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
26
Cassava
-7,000-South America
27
Chili Peper
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
28
Corn
-7,000-South America
29
Goose Foot
-4,500-Eastern North America
30
Gourds
-4,500-Eastern North America
31
Lentils
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
32
Marsh Elder
-4,500-Eastern North America
33
Millet
-4,000-Africa
34
Peas
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
35
Potatos
-7,000-South America
36
Rice
-8,500-Far East/ China
37
Sorghum
-4,000-Africa
38
Soybeans
-8,500-Far East/ China
39
Squash
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
40
Sunflower
-4,500-Eastern North America
41
Taro
-7,000-New Guinea Highlands
42
Wheat
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
43
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Phase 1: EmbryonicPhase 2: JuvenilePhase 3: TransitionalPhase 4: Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive
44
Phase 1
Embryonic
45
Phase 2
Juveline
46
Phase 3
Transitional
47
Phase 4
Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive
48
Signal Response Pathways
1. Signal2. Regulation of transcription factors-2a. off-2b. on3. DNA4. MRNA---\>Protein5. Small RNA-5a. SI RNA-5b. MI RNA
49
Secondary xylem
-Xylem from years past-Dead-Woody center part
50
Cork Cambium
-Bark layer -on the outside
51
Vascular Cambium
-meristem-Outside of the secondary xylem-Growing
52
Ploem
-Active Transport -Between cork cambium and vascular cambium
53
Mitosis
1. Interphase2. Prophase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase
54
interphase
-Where a Cell spends the majority of it's life- Some Cells Get Stuck here
55
Prophase
- DNA is replicated
56
Metaphase
-Replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
57
Anaphase
-Chromosomes are pulled apart from their sister chromatids.
58
Telophase
-New cells begin to separate.
59
Realistic water potential for:Soil
-0.04mPa
60
Realistic water potential for:Roots
-0.2 mPa
61
Realistic water potential for:Stems
-1.0 mPa
62
Realistic water potential for:Leaves
-1.4 mPa
63
Realistic water potential for:Atmosphere
-100 mPa
64
What is the water potential value for:Field capacity
-0.033 mPa- changes depending on soil type.
65
What is the water potential value for:Permanent wilt point
-1.5 mPa
66
Why can't plants tolerate water potential at or below permanent wilt point?
Not enough free water in cell to support life.
67
ARG
Auxin Response Factor
68
Auxins
- Control Stem Elongation-Apical Dominance-Cell Elongation-G
69
Near East
-10,00-Wheat-Barley-Peas-Lentils-
70
Central America/ Mexico
-9000-Squash-Avocado-Beans-Amaranth-Chili pepper-Corn
71
Far East/China
-8,500-Rice-Soybeans
72
South America
-7,000-Potato-Cassava
73
New Guinea Highlands
-7,000-Banana-Taro
74
Eastern North America
-4,500-Sunflower-Mash-elder-Goose-foot-Gourds
75
Sub-Saharan Africa
-4,000-Sorghum-Millet
76
Teosinte Glume Architecture 1(TGA1)
-Function; Mutation Caused kernels to be naked.-Benefit to man; Easy to prepare and eat.-Disadvantage to plants: Seeds destroyed in the gust of wild animals.
77
Teosinte Branched 1(TB1)
-Function:Reduced tillering and branching of stalk.-Benefit to man: Small number of large ears.-Disadvantage to plants: Fertilization less efficient.
78
Days To Harvest
-Many-Function: Uniform time of flowering.-Benefit to man: Single harvest.-Disadvantage to plants: Subject to droughts, natural disasters.
79
Loss of Seed Dormancy
-Many-Function: Seeds germinate upon planting-Benefit to man: full stands of uniform grain.-Disadvantage to plants: Fall germination and death of seedlings.
80
PAR
-Photosynthetically Active Radiation
81
PPF
-Photosynthetic Photon flux-Amount of PAR Photons striking a unit area per unit of time.-Measured in micromols per meter squared per second.-Measures PAR between (400 to 700 nm)
82
PPF at noon on a summer day
200 umols m2- sec1-
83
PPF range for Photosynthetic compensation Point
-Varies from Species to species-generally between 30 and 120 umols m2- sec1-
84
Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H20--sunlight--\>C6H1206+6O2
85
What is produced by light reactions?
-ATP-NADPH-These are used to fuel Calvin Cycle
86
What is produced by Dark reactions?
-Uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
87
Respiration
C6H1206+6O2----\>6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
88
Amarath
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
89
Avacados
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
90
Bananas
-7,000-New Guinea Highlands
91
Barley
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
92
Beans
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
93
Cassava
-7,000-South America
94
Chili Peper
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
95
Corn
-7,000-South America
96
Goose Foot
-4,500-Eastern North America
97
Gourds
-4,500-Eastern North America
98
Lentils
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
99
Marsh Elder
-4,500-Eastern North America
100
Millet
-4,000-Africa
101
Peas
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
102
Potatos
-7,000-South America
103
Rice
-8,500-Far East/ China
104
Sorghum
-4,000-Africa
105
Soybeans
-8,500-Far East/ China
106
Squash
-9,000-Mexico/ Central America
107
Sunflower
-4,500-Eastern North America
108
Taro
-7,000-New Guinea Highlands
109
Wheat
-10,000-Near East/ Fertile Crescent
110
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Phase 1: EmbryonicPhase 2: JuvenilePhase 3: TransitionalPhase 4: Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive
111
Phase 1
Embryonic
112
Phase 2
Juveline
113
Phase 3
Transitional
114
Phase 4
Adult-A. Vegetative-B. Reproductive
115
Signal Response Pathways
1. Signal2. Regulation of transcription factors-2a. off-2b. on3. DNA4. MRNA---\>Protein5. Small RNA-5a. SI RNA-5b. MI RNA
116
Secondary xylem
-Xylem from years past-Dead-Woody center part
117
Cork Cambium
-Bark layer -on the outside
118
Vascular Cambium
-meristem-Outside of the secondary xylem-Growing
119
Ploem
-Active Transport -Between cork cambium and vascular cambium
120
Mitosis
1. Interphase2. Prophase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase
121
interphase
-Where a Cell spends the majority of it's life- Some Cells Get Stuck here
122
Prophase
- DNA is replicated
123
Metaphase
-Replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
124
Anaphase
-Chromosomes are pulled apart from their sister chromatids.
125
Telophase
-New cells begin to separate.
126
Realistic water potential for:Soil
-0.04mPa
127
Realistic water potential for:Roots
-0.2 mPa
128
Realistic water potential for:Stems
-1.0 mPa
129
Realistic water potential for:Leaves
-1.4 mPa
130
Realistic water potential for:Atmosphere
-100 mPa
131
What is the water potential value for:Field capacity
-0.033 mPa- changes depending on soil type.
132
What is the water potential value for:Permanent wilt point
-1.5 mPa
133
Why can't plants tolerate water potential at or below permanent wilt point?
Not enough free water in cell to support life.
134
ARG
Auxin Response Factor
135
Auxins
- Control Stem Elongation-Apical Dominance-Cell Elongation-G
136
Layering is most useful in clones that are...
Active and hard to root
137
Shoots of deciduous plants that are layered in the spring usually will be removed from the plant in...
The fall
138
Air layering is carried out by enclosing the shoot with ----- and wrapping with -------
1. Plastic
2. Tinfoil
139
Girdling
Removal of a layer of bark around the stem in air layering.
140
suckers
Shoots tht develope from latent buds on lower parts of woody plants.
141
Rhizome
Larg masses of rooted shoots and the surface of the ground formed by herbacious perenials.
142
Rhizome is propagated by...
Chipping/ Twin scaling
143
Geophytes
Plants that survive periods of adverse enviornmental condiions as underground storage organs.
144
Two Types of Bulbs
1. Tunicate
2. Scaley
145
Basal Plate
Flattened modified stem found in a bulb.
Modified storage leaves, scales, the apical meristem and adventitious roots grwo from this structure.
146
bulbils
Most common propagation method for bulbs. Is natural separation.
147
Scaling
Removing scales and placing them in a suitable medium to induce bulblet formation
148
Chipping
Bulb propagation by removing a pair of bulb scales with a portion of the basal plate.
149
Cormels
Small offsets that form on a corm
150
Tuber
A swollen modified stem that functions as a storage organ
151
Tuberous root
Enlarged fleshy root with a section of stem tissue at the end.
152
Sources of verigation
1. Chimearas
2. Pattern Genes
3. Transposons
4. Viruses
153
Chimearas
L1, L2, L3 mutation
- White boarder with green inner
- Green boarder with white inner
154
Pattern Genes
genes
-Distinct and uniform pattern
155
Transposons
- Jumping genes
- Random verigation
156
Viruses
Viruses
-No reversion back to normal
157
Micro Propagation Proceedure
- Embryo Rescue
- Virus Elimination
- Production of doubled haploids
- Genetic transformation
158
Embryo rescue
Purpose: overcome dormancy
test viability
rescue wide hybrids
Steps: Excise embryo
culture embryo
159
Virus elimination
Purpose: Get rid of viruses
Steps: Culture meristem dome (0.2 mm)
160
Production of doubled haploids
Purpose: instantaineous homozygous lines containing genes from two parents.
Steps:- Culture immature pollen
- Chemically double Chromosomes
- Regenerate doubled haploid plants
161
Genetic Transformation
Purpose: useful transgenic plants
Steps:- Shoot genes in or use agrobacteria
-Regenerate transgenic plants.
162
Methods of micropropagation
Preexisting buds\*
Adventitious buds\*
Somatic embryogenesis
\*most common
163
Pre-existing buds
- explant: stems with buds
- Advantages: Low soma clonal variation
- Disadvantages: Low multiplication rate
164
Adventitious buds
Explant: Buds, Leaves, Stems Roots,(most common)
Embryos, flowers, much more (less common)
- Advantages: higher multiplication rate
- Disadvantages: Higher frequency of somal clonal variation
165
Somatic embryogenesis
Explant: immature flowers or embryos
- advatages: potentially highest rate of propagation, good for genetic engineering
- Disadvantages: Few species/varieties that it will work with
166
Plant tissue culture stages
Stage 0: Donar plant selection and prep
Stage I: Clean Culture
Stage II: Multiplication
Stage III: Rooting
Stage IIII: Acclimitization
167
Stage 0
Donar plant selection and prep
Purpose: healthy plants
Proceedures: Good Greenhouse managment
168
Stage 1
Clean culture
Purpose: Clean Culture
Proceedure: 1. Disinfestation 2. Aseptic tequnique
169
Stage II
Rooting
Purpose: Rooting
Proceedure: 1. no hormones of auzins
2. 1/2 strength MS medium
3. Higher light
170
Stage III
Acclimitization
purpose Healthy plants
Proceedure: Mist tents (usually longer than regular cuttings)
171
Blanching
Exclusion of light from the intact stem after it has grown.
172
Etiolation
Development of a plant stem of part in the absence of light
173
Stooling
The practice of cutting shoots back to the base, as described for mound layering.
174
Stool Shoots
Clusters of shoot that emerge when a stem is cut to its base.
175
Simple layer
A type of layering in which single one year old shoots are gent to the ground, covered with soin, and then girdled to stimulate root initiation of the stem.
176
Compound layering
A type of layering in which the entire horizontal shoot is covered with rooting media
177
Mound
Shoots are cut to the ground and soil is mounded around them to stimulate roots to develop.
178
Trench
Initial stem iused to establish the layering system is laid hoizontally in a trench. Shoots develop from nodes along the stem that are then covered with rooting substrate. Used on things that don't work with mound layering.
179
Tip Layering
Form of natureal lyering in which the stem tip of some species form roots when inserted into the soil.
180
Stolon
Specialized underground stem that grows laterally from the crown of the plant to produce either anouther plant or tuber
181
Offset
Specialized leafy plant stem that develops from the base of many monocots and is used for propagation
182
Suckers
Adventitious shoots that emerge from a root or from the vicinity of the crown
183
Water sprout
A term given to a shoot emerging from a latent bud on the crown or trunk of a tree.
184
Crown
Root stem juncture of a plant
185
Crown Division
A method of propagation in which the crown of a plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is separated into parts with stem and root material attached.
186
Separation
A type of clonal propagation that utilizes detachable structures on the plant as propagules
187
Division
A type of clonal propagation that involves cutting or dividing the plant into sections with stem and roots.
188
Bulb
Underground structure produced mainly by monocots. Hs a short modified stem eclosed in fleshy leaves (scales) modified for sugar storage.
189
Corm
Underground rounded stem consisting of compacted nodes with lateral bud. Corms are replaced each growth cycle by new corm on top or tho the side of the old.
Stem axis is swollen and is enclosed by a dry membranous tunic.
190
Tuber
Swollen underground stem modified for food storage with easily distiguished nodes and buds.
Similar to corms except for lateral orientation
191
Tuberous stem
Flattened swollen stem produced by enlargment of the hypocotyl at root-shoot junction. Perennial structure that can become large.
192
Tuberous root
Elarged fleshy root with shoots produced at one end and the roots at the other.
The special swollen root system attached to the crown in specific herbaceous perennials.
193
Rhizome
Specialized stem that grows horizontally at or just below the ground.
194
Pseudobulb
Above-ground enlarged stem with several nodes. Produced by orchids.
195
tunicate
Type of bulb scale characterized by concentric layers of fleshy tissue
196
Scaly
A type of bulb structure in which scales are fleshy separate and not enclosed with a mebranous layer.
197
Contractile roots
Thickened, fleshy roots that pull the bulb to a deeper layer in the soil.
198
Basal cuttage
Practice of cutting in to the base of a bulb to stimulate adventitious bulbet formation on the base of scales.
199
Scooping
the basal cuttage carried out by cutting away the basal plant witha special scoop-like device.
200
Scoring
Basal cuttage carried out by cutting at right angles across the base of the bulb.
201
Bulb Cutting
Propagation in which a bulb is cut into fragments of three or 4 bulb sclaes attached at the basal plate. AKA bulb chipping
202
Twin Scaling
A variation of bulb cutting using a segment of two scales with a portion of the basal plate.
203
Eyes
cluster of buds at the nodes of the potato tuber
204
Tuberization
The biological process that leads to tuber formation
205
Suberization
Formation of suberin on the cut surface of a tuber as a wound healing process.
206
Tubercles
Small aerial tubers produced in leaf axils of certain plants.
207
Fleshy roots
Massive enlargement of a secondary root for carbohydrate storage and propagation.
208
Culm
Upright flowering stems produced on a rhizome
