Final Review Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosis?
A
- Ligament that attaches aorta to the pulmonary artery.
- It prevents blood from circulating to the lungs
- Should close 30 minutes after birth
2
Q
What are some of the complications of Patent Ductus Arteriosis?
A
- After birth BP is higher on the systemic side of the heart so some of the blood in the aorta goes back into the pulmonary artery .
- Increased blood flow causes enlargement of LA and LV
3
Q
What is an Ventricular Septal Defect?
A
An abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles
-causes a left to right stunting of blood
4
Q
What are some complication of Ventricular Septal Defect?
A
- increased blood flow to and from the lungs.
- increased workload for the LA and LV leading to enlargement
- blood shunted to the right ventricle is pushed back into the pulmonary artery
5
Q
What is and Atrial Septal Defect?
A
-An opening between the right and left atrium
6
Q
Complications of Atrial Septal Defects?
A
- Blood from higher pressure LA is shunted to lower pressure RA
- increases workload of RV and leads to increased blood in lungs
7
Q
What is a DVT?
A
Deep Vein Thrombosis
-blood clot formed in a lower extremity vein
8
Q
What is a Pulmonary Emboli?
A
-Occurs when a piece of thrombus has broken loose and enter blood stream. It becomes lodged in a pulmonary artery obstructing blood flow to the lungs
9
Q
What are Varicose Veins?
A
Veins that are permanently dilated because blood has pooled in them
10
Q
What causes Varicose Veins?
A
- Congenital weakness of valves or venous walls
- DVT
- he most asks caused by pregnancy
- occupations that require lots of standing
11
Q
Arrhythmia?
A
-any condition where the heart cannot beat in a normal rhythm
12
Q
Bradycardia?
A
Slow heart rhythm
13
Q
Tachycardia?
A
Fast heart rhythm
14
Q
Sinus Dysrhythmia?
A
-heart rate that increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration
15
Q
Premature Contractions?
A
- heart contractions that occur before the expected time
- caused by lack of sleep, anxiety, cold medication, caffiene
16
Q
Fibrillation?
A
-individual cardia muscle fibre contractions are out of sync with one another
17
Q
What is Valvular Disease?
A
- A heart valve is stenotic
2. Heart valve is insufficient and cannot close properly so blood leaks backwards through valve
18
Q
Pulmonary Edema?
A
Build up of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the lung parenchyma due to increased pulmonary venous pressure.
-Commonly caused by Left sided heart failure, valve disease, tumor
19
Q
What is an Aneurysm?
A
-A weakness in the wall of an artery that causes a localized bulging.
Causes-arteriosclerosis, trauma, genetics, infection
20
Q
Myocardial Infarction?
A
- Death of some portion of the heart (Heart Attack)
- Caused by: acute thrombus in coronary arteries
21
Q
What is Heart Failure? Left and Right Sided?
A
Left-LV cannot pump blood effectively, its usually caused by CAD, valve disease or hypertension
Right-occurs after left side because back up of blood in the lungs is too much for the RV to overcome, usually caused by pulmonary valve stenosis, emphysema, pulmonary emboli
22
Q
Tetralogy of Fallot?
A
- Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
- High Ventricular Septal Defect
- Overriding aorta
- Hypertrophy of the RV
23
Q
Coarctation of the Aorta
A
A stenosis of the descending aorta
24
Q
Arteriosclerosis
A
A thickening and loss of elasticity in the walls of arteries
25
Atherosclerosis?
Build up of fibro-fatty plaques
26
CAD?
- Coronary Artery Disease
| - atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries which supply blood the the hearts
27
Hydrocephalus?
- Water on the brain
| - abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain
28
What is Communicating hydrocephalus caused by?
And inability to absorb CSF into the venous sinuses, or an overproduction of CSF
29
What is Non-communicating Hydrocephalus caused by?
-and obstruction in the flow of CSF
30
What is Skull Trauma?
Linear or depressed fractures that compromise the integrity of the skull
31
What is a Concussion?
-temporary loss of normal brain function due to a blunt trauma that bends brain stem
32
Cerebral Contusion?>
- bruising of the brain
| - caused by: blunt trauma that throws brain against the skull
33
What is and Epidural Hematoma>
Acute ARTERIAL bleed between DURA MATER and the INNER TABLE of the skull
Caused by a tear in an artery to to a fracture in the temporal region
- Fast bleed
- Most dangerous
- Most life threatening
CAUSES MASS EFFECT
34
What is a Subdural Hematoma?
VENOUS bleed caused by ruptured veins between the MATER and the ARACHNOID MATER
Caused by blow to frontal or occipital bone
- Slow Bleed
- Could be life threatening but not right away
35
Subarachnoid Hematoma?
VENOUS Bleed into the ventricular system
| -SLow bleed
36
What is a TIA?
Transient Ischemic Attack
-Major symptom leading up to a stroke
-Temporary loss of neurological functions that resolve within 24 hours
Caused by: temporary vessel occlusion or stenosis
37
What is a Cerebrovasular Accident ?
| Acute Ischemic vs. Hemorrhagic
A stroke
Acute-caused by loss of blood supply to a localized portion of the brain
Hemorrhagic-ruptured blood vessel in the brain, caused by hypertension, rupture of aneurysm or AVM
38
What is an AVM?
Atriovenous malformation
-Abnormal communication between and artery and a vein
39
Glioma? Astrocytoma?
The most common brain tumours
May or may not be malignant
Astrocytomas are slow growing infiltrating tumours
40
Spina Bifida?
Incomplete closure of the vertebral canal
41
Spina Bifida Occulta
-small space but is fused (unseen)
42
Meningocele?
Meninges poke out
43
Myelocele?
Spinal cord and meninges poke out
44
What is a Herniated Disc?
-the nucleus purposes of a vertebral disc protrudes from the annulus fibrosis
Caused by-trauma, aging, degenerative disease
45
Meningitis?
Acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid mater
46
Metastatic Carcinoma
Brain cancer that has metastasized from a primary tumor in a bone, lung or breast
47
Parkinson's?
Degenerative disorder of middle or later life, caused by inadequate production of the neurotransmitter dopamine
48
Alzheimer's?
A diffuse progressive for of cerebral atrophy that causes premature memory impairment
49
What pathology is a contraindication for lumbar puncture (spinal tap)?
Meningitis because of possible intracranial pressure or cerebral haemorrhaging
50
When do Clot Busting Drugs become Ineffective?
3 hours after initial onset of a stroke
51
What is one of the common causes of a hemorrhagic stroke?
AVM
52
What are some complication of a Subdural hematoma?
- headache
- agitation
- may cause mass effect
53
What are some complications of a Subarachnoid Hematoma?
May increase intracranial pressure
54
What are some symptoms and complications of a concussion?
- Headache
- Light sensitivity
- mood or sleep changes
55
Symptoms and complications of a Cerebral Contusion
- edema
- swelling
- tissue necrosis
- could change neurological functions
56
Complications of a Epidural Hematoma?
- rapid loss of consciousness
- compression and displacement of the brain structures toward mid line (mass effect)
-Concave shape
57
Symptoms and complications of Hydrocephalus
-Dilations of Ventricular system leading to compression atrophy of the brain
58
Symptoms and complications of skull trauma?
- internal bleeding into the brain
- neurological deficits
- infection
- pneumocephalus
59
Symptoms and Complications of spina bifida?
- infection
- varying degrees of paralysis
- hydrocephalus
60
Complications of DVT?
- pulmonary embolism
| - effected tissue will become necrotic
61
Complications of Pulmonary Elmbolism
May lead to ARDS
- heart failure
- cardigentic shock
62
Complications of Varicose Veins>
-compromised venous flow can lead to superficial ulcers
| -
63
Ventricular Fibrillation? Atrial Fibrillation?
- immediately life-threatening but can sometimes be treated with electrical shock
- can be treated through atrial ablation(destruction of some heart muscles)
Both are complications of Arrhythmias
64
Valvular Disease complications
Mitral valve stenosis slows blood flow between LA and LV which leads to HYPERTROPHY of the LA and right side of heart
65
Pulmonary edema complications
Drowning from the inside out
66
Complications of Myocardial Infarction
Angina Pectoris- severe chest tightness, pain radiates to jaw neck and left arm
67
Complications of Left sided heart failure
- Decreased systemic pumping pressure causes widespread fluid retention in the body tissues
- Cardiomegaly
- back up of blood in the pulmonary circulation
68
Complications of Right sided heart failure
Dilation of the RA, RV, and SVC and edema in the lower extremities
69
Complications of Tetrology of Fallot
Pulmonary valve stenosis causes increased pressure in the RA leading the HYPERTROPHY
Prevents normal amount of blood from reaching the lungs
Deoxygenated blood is pumped out to the body due to overriding aorta
70
Complications of coarctation of the aorta
Circulation in the upper extremities and head is NORMAL
| Decreased blood flow to lower limbs
71
Complications of Arteriosclerosis
Occlusion of stenosis of arteries can cause pathologies like ischemia or necrosis of tissues to occur
72
CAD complications
Decreased blood supply to the heart muscle leading to ISCHEMIA, NECROSIS, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction
73
What is Anemia?
Abnormally low levels of RBC's in the blood
Caused by- iron deficiency due to diet
74
Complications of Anemia?
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Short of breath
Increased heart rate
75
Leukemia?
Cancer of the leukocyte
Over production of WBC's
AML, ALL, CML, CLL
76
Complications of Leukemia?
Decreased production of other formed elements
| Hemorrhagic episodes
77
Lymphoma?
Cancer of the lymphoid cells in the lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, GI tract
78
Complications of Lymphoma?
-same symptoms as the flue-anemia
79
What is Osteoporosis?
Generalized loss of bone density
80
What is Giantism (Hyperpituitarism)?
Over production of growth hormone before the fusion of the epiphytes plates
Caused by a pituitary tumor
81
What is Acromegaly (Hyperpituitarism)?
Over production of growth hormone after fusion of growth plates
Caused by pituitary tumor
82
Hypopituitarism?
Insufficient levels of growth hormone in the body
Can lead to dwarfism
83
Achondroplasia?
Congenital condition
| Inability to convert epiphytes cartilage to bone
84
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Lack of ADH caused by trauma to the head
85
Cushing's?
Excess levels of cortisone in the blood stream
Most often caused by hormone therapy
86
What is Addison's Diease?
Acute inflammatory disease caused by lack of cortisone
87
Hyperthyroidism? Most common cause?
Over Secretion of thyroid hormone
Graves Disease
88
Hypothyroidism?
Lack of thyroid hormone
89
What is Cretinism?
Hypothyroidism ordinating from birth
Maternal diet is low in iodine
90
Hashimoto's Diesease?
Low thyroid in adults
91
Hyperparathyroidism?
Over secretion of Parathyroid Hormone causing and INCREASE in blood calcium levels
92
What is Hypoparathyroidism?
Lack of parathyroid hormone leading to DECREASED blood calcium levels
93
What is Diabetes Mellitus? Types?
High levels of blood sugar due to lack of insulin production or uptake
Type 1-congenital or juvenile
Type 2- managed with diet
94
Complications of Cretinism
Short stature
Protruding tongue
Flat nose
Wide set eyes
95
Complication of Hashimoto's
Low energy
Cold
Personality changes
Weight gain
96
Complications of Hyperparathyroidism
Decreased bone density
| Build up of cartilage in joint capsules
97
Complications of Hypoparathyroidism
Respiratory paralysis and death
98
Complications of Addison's
Hypoglycaemia
Weight loss
Fatigue
99
Complications of Hypothyroidism
```
High metabolic rate
Sweating
Tachycardia
Weight loss
Exophthalmos ( big eyes)
```
100
Complications of Hypothyroidism
```
Decreased metabolic rate
Myxedma (swelling in the face)
Chills
Lethargy
Mental slowness
Goitre
```
101
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
```
Hyperglycaemia
Increased thirst
Polyuria
Decreased circulations
CAD
```
102
Complications of Osteoporosis
Cones fracture more easily and heal slower
103
Complications of Giantism
Excessively large skeleton
104
Complications of Acromegaly
Bones in hands, feet and face get thicker
105
Complications of Cushing's
```
Buffalo hump
Moon face
Loss of muscle mass
Loss of bone density
High blood pressure
```
106
Complications of Diabetes Insipidus
Polyuria
| Excessive thirst
107
Complications of Achondroplasia
Limbs are short
| Large head
108
Complications of Hypopituitarism
Short limbs
