Quiz 2 Review

Question 1

Endocrine Gland composition

Answer 1

Made of cells that produce hormones into the intercellular spaces surrounding tissues. Hormones are picked up by blood and taken to target cells.

Question 2

Exocrine Gland Composition

Answer 2

Collections of glandular tissue within an organ that produce and release non-hormonal substances into ducts

Question 3

Negative Feedback

Answer 3

Allow brain and body to have control over the secretion rates of hormones

Question 4

Pineal Gland

Hormones

Answer 4

Attached to roof of 3rd Ventricle in Center of brain
Hormone-MELATONIN
-helps set body’s biological clock, sleeping patterns

Question 5

Pituitary Gland

Hormones

Answer 5

Attached inferiority to hypothalamus, encased in dura mater, anterior and posterior portion
ANTERIOR Hormone-TSH(Thyroid stimulating hormone), GH(growth hormone), ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
POSTERIOR Hormone- ADH(Antidiuretic hormone)

Question 6

Hyperpituitarism Dieases & Causes

Answer 6

Causes over production of hormones
Gigantism-overproduction before fusion of growth plates
Acromegaly- overproduction after fusion of growth plates
-Tumor, pituitary ischemia

Question 7

Hypopituitarism Dieases & Causes

Answer 7

Dwarfism-shortness of limbs

Achondroplasia

Question 8

Parathyroid

Answer 8

Posterior surface of thyroid
Hormone- PTH(parathyroid hormone) which increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to breakdown bony matrix

Question 9

Thyroid Gland

Answer 9

Anterior side of neck, inferior to trachea
Hormone-TH(thyroid hormone), Calcitonin
TH production & release is controlled through negative feedback. TH speeds up metabolism.
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels

Question 10

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 10

Graves Dieases is the most common cause. Body produces a fake TSH with stimulates production of TH. Exophthalmos(big eyes)

Question 11

Hypothyroidism

Answer 11

Lack of TH.
Goiter- big budge on neck
Myxedema- puffy face
Cretinism-not enough TH when you are a baby, shorter, flat nose, thick skull. Can be treated before 3 months old.

Question 12

Adrenal Glands

Answer 12

On top of kidneys. All hormones help cope with stress.

Question 13

Cushing’s Disease/Syndrome

Answer 13

High levels of cortisol in blood stream.

Question 14

Pancreatic Islets

Answer 14

Clusters of 2 types hormone producing cells that work against each other to maintain blood sugar levels.
Alpha cells-glucagon
Beta cells-Insulin

Question 15

Glucagon

Answer 15

Stimulates liver to release glucose into the blood to raise sugar levels

Question 16

Insulin

Answer 16

Decreases blood sugar levels

Question 17

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 & 2

Answer 17

Juvenile Diabetes- genetic defect in insulin production

Insulin resistant diabetes. Need to exercise and watch diet

Question 18

Artery chain

Answer 18

Arteries-arteriolar-capillary beds-venules-veins

Question 19

Function of Lymphatic System

Answer 19

Collects extra “stuff” that is stuck between the tissues

Question 20

Blood composition

Answer 20

55% plasma

45% formed elements (RBC’s,WBC’s,Platelets)

Question 21

Lymph nodes help….

Answer 21

Prevent the spread of infection

Question 22

Line of Defence

Answer 22

1. Maintaining intact skin&mucous membranes
2. Inflammation(non-specific), prevents spread and any further damage SWELLING HEAT PAIN REDNESS
3. Specific Immunity-slower but lasts longer

Question 23

Super Bugs

Answer 23

MRSA-Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
VRE-Vancomycin resistant enterococcus
C-Difficile

Question 24

White Blood Cell types

Answer 24

Lymphocytes & Monocytes

T-lymphocytes go to thymus gland
B-Lymphocytes of to blood stream
NK-killer cells

Question 25

Cell Mediated Immunity

Answer 25

Run by T-cells | Take care of infection but call Bcells in if help is needed

Question 26

Specific Humoral Immunity

Answer 26

Run by Bcells which break into 1. Plasma cells-antibodies 2. Memory cells-creates library of infections so body is able to recognize later on

Question 27

Leukemia

Answer 27

Cancer of leukocyte a AML can affect anyone at any age Acute Leukemia has sudden onset of hemorrhagic episodes(bloody noses)

Question 28

Anemia

Answer 28

Low level of RBC's Caused by iron deficiency Medullary canals appear wider

Question 29

Lymphoma | Hodgkins and non-hodgkins

Answer 29

Cancer of lymphoid cells (B&T lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, GI tract. Once diagnosed patient needs to be 1. Graded-determines how aggressive/malignant Tumor is 2. Staged-determines how widespread cancer is in body

Question 30

Layers of the Heart

Answer 30

1. Parietal pericardium 2. Pericardial Cavity 3. Visceral pericardium 4. myocardium 4. endocardium

Question 31

Pericarditis

Answer 31

Inflammation of the pericardium

Question 32

Pericardial effusion

Answer 32

Fluid in pericardial cavity

Question 33

Cardiac Tamponade

Answer 33

Heart plug

Question 34

Endocarditis

Answer 34

Inflammation of endocardium

Question 35

Dextrocardia

Answer 35

Heart and great vessels are on the opposite side of the body

Question 36

Blood Flow Chain

Answer 36

Right Atrium-Tricuspid Valve-Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Valve-Pulmonary Artery-Lungs-Pulmonary vein-Left Atrium-Mitral Valve-Left Ventricle-Aortic Valve-Aortic Arch-Body

Question 37

What keeps Blood flowing?

Answer 37

Heart beat, blood pressure, blood pressure gradient, vasodilation, valves,venous heart, breathing

Question 38

Circulatory Shock

Answer 38

Blood stops flowing.... | Heart beat stops,neurogenic shock, occulting,blood loss/hemorrhage

Question 39

Circle of Willis

Answer 39

Describe

Question 40

Arteries Coming off the Aorta

Answer 40

Describe

Question 41

Arteries in the Arm

Answer 41

Describe