Flashcards in Final Review Deck (38)
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1
Controls on sediment and water transport:
Climate and tectonics
2
Controls on accommodation:
Lake Level, subsidence (tectonics )AKA CLIMATE AND TECTONICS
3
Main difference between lakes and marine:
Basin size, salinity
4
Lake Zonation Vocabulary (Zones) to know:
Pelagial (Limnetic) Zone, Littoral Zone, Sublittoral Zone, Profundal Zone, Photic Zone, Mixed Layer, Aphotic Zone
5
Water column stratification defined by:
Temp, pH, O2
6
Water column stratification vocabulary (zones):
Epilimnion, Metalimnion (thermocline), Hypolimnion
7
Word for permanent stratification:
Meromixis
8
Factors causing permanent stratification:
Permanent thermocline and/or permanent chemocline
9
Density stratification caused by:
temperature, salinity, or both
10
Lakes get water by:
inflow (streams + groundwater) + precipitation
11
Lakes loose water by:
outflow + evaporation
12
Open vs closed lake stability:
open lakes have stable lake levels, closed lakes have unstable lake levels
13
Lake inflow vocabulary (flow types):
Homopycnal, Hypopycnal, Hyperpycnal
14
Result of homopycnal flow in lakes:
Deltas with sand and gravel bars (Gilbert type)
15
Result of hypopycnal flow in lakes:
Suspended sediment plumes
16
Result of hyperpycnal flow in lakes:
Density currents (turbidites) that extend out into basin
17
How are carbonate shorelines classified?
Classified according to geometry (bench vs. ramp) and energy level (high vs low)
18
Three lake types:
Overfilled, underfilled, balance filled
19
Overfilled Lake Facies:
Fluvial-lacustrine facies assocation
20
Underfilled Lake Facies:
Evaporative facies assocation
21
Balance Filled Lake Facies:
Fluctuating-profundal facies association
22
Glacier Vocabulary (zones):
Accumulation Zone and Ablation Zone
23
Define Accumulation Zone
The formation of glacier ice takes place here; net gain of mass (top of slope); mass of ice gained each year is greater than that lost by melting
24
Define Ablation Zone
At lower elevations and under warmer temperatures, glacier ice melts at greater races than it is formed and the glacier loses mass; net loss of mass (bottom of slope)
25
How to characterize differences between cold and warm based glaciers:
location, pressure melting point, movement, erosive capability
26
Location: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier
Cold=high latitude, Warm=warm, moist climates (lower lat)
27
Pressure Melting Point: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier
Cold=below pressure melting point; Warm=ice close to pressure melting point
28
Movement: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier
Cold=move slowly by internal deformation (Creep); Warm=moves rapidly by creep and by sliding over thin films of water at base, refreezing incorporates debris at base
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Erosional Capability: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier
Cold: Ineffective at bedrock erosion; Warm: high erosional and sediment transport potential
30
Glacier Indicators:
Diamictite, Outsized clasts (interpreted as ice-rafted debris), Rhythmites (interpreted as varves), Gelondonite, Striations, chatter marks
31
What is the biggest different with ice-contact and non-ice contact lakes?
With non-ice contact lakes, there are meltstreams, so you get more stream facies (braided river, rippled sands), etc. whereas with ice contact, you essential just have the subglacial facies and the bottom lake lam silts and clays ; varves characteristic of non-contact
32
Wind as a geologic agent is capable of:
Erosion, transport, deposition
33
Define Yardang:
Erosional, streamlined elongate mounds of consolidated material, strong, unidirectional wind
34
3 Transport mechanisms in wind:
suspension, saltation, creep
35
4 Main Eolian Depositional Environments:
Dunes, interdune (between dunes, sand sheet (fringe of dune), extradune
36
Formation of dune depends on:
sand size, environment, vegetation
37
Four types of dunes (draw each):
Barchan, Transverse, Parabolic, Longitudinal
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