Final Review

Question 1

Controls on sediment and water transport:

Answer 1

Climate and tectonics

Question 2

Controls on accommodation:

Answer 2

Lake Level, subsidence (tectonics )AKA CLIMATE AND TECTONICS

Question 3

Main difference between lakes and marine:

Answer 3

Basin size, salinity

Question 4

Lake Zonation Vocabulary (Zones) to know:

Answer 4

Pelagial (Limnetic) Zone, Littoral Zone, Sublittoral Zone, Profundal Zone, Photic Zone, Mixed Layer, Aphotic Zone

Question 5

Water column stratification defined by:

Answer 5

Temp, pH, O2

Question 6

Water column stratification vocabulary (zones):

Answer 6

Epilimnion, Metalimnion (thermocline), Hypolimnion

Question 7

Word for permanent stratification:

Answer 7

Meromixis

Question 8

Factors causing permanent stratification:

Answer 8

Permanent thermocline and/or permanent chemocline

Question 9

Density stratification caused by:

Answer 9

temperature, salinity, or both

Question 10

Lakes get water by:

Answer 10

inflow (streams + groundwater) + precipitation

Question 11

Lakes loose water by:

Answer 11

outflow + evaporation

Question 12

Open vs closed lake stability:

Answer 12

open lakes have stable lake levels, closed lakes have unstable lake levels

Question 13

Lake inflow vocabulary (flow types):

Answer 13

Homopycnal, Hypopycnal, Hyperpycnal

Question 14

Result of homopycnal flow in lakes:

Answer 14

Deltas with sand and gravel bars (Gilbert type)

Question 15

Result of hypopycnal flow in lakes:

Answer 15

Suspended sediment plumes

Question 16

Result of hyperpycnal flow in lakes:

Answer 16

Density currents (turbidites) that extend out into basin

Question 17

How are carbonate shorelines classified?

Answer 17

Classified according to geometry (bench vs. ramp) and energy level (high vs low)

Question 18

Three lake types:

Answer 18

Overfilled, underfilled, balance filled

Question 19

Overfilled Lake Facies:

Answer 19

Fluvial-lacustrine facies assocation

Question 20

Underfilled Lake Facies:

Answer 20

Evaporative facies assocation

Question 21

Balance Filled Lake Facies:

Answer 21

Fluctuating-profundal facies association

Question 22

Glacier Vocabulary (zones):

Answer 22

Accumulation Zone and Ablation Zone

Question 23

Define Accumulation Zone

Answer 23

The formation of glacier ice takes place here; net gain of mass (top of slope); mass of ice gained each year is greater than that lost by melting

Question 24

Define Ablation Zone

Answer 24

At lower elevations and under warmer temperatures, glacier ice melts at greater races than it is formed and the glacier loses mass; net loss of mass (bottom of slope)

Question 25

How to characterize differences between cold and warm based glaciers:

Answer 25

location, pressure melting point, movement, erosive capability

Question 26

Location: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier

Answer 26

Cold=high latitude, Warm=warm, moist climates (lower lat)

Question 27

Pressure Melting Point: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier

Answer 27

Cold=below pressure melting point; Warm=ice close to pressure melting point

Question 28

Movement: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier

Answer 28

Cold=move slowly by internal deformation (Creep); Warm=moves rapidly by creep and by sliding over thin films of water at base, refreezing incorporates debris at base

Question 29

Erosional Capability: Cold vs Warm Based Glacier

Answer 29

Cold: Ineffective at bedrock erosion; Warm: high erosional and sediment transport potential

Question 30

Glacier Indicators:

Answer 30

Diamictite, Outsized clasts (interpreted as ice-rafted debris), Rhythmites (interpreted as varves), Gelondonite, Striations, chatter marks

Question 31

What is the biggest different with ice-contact and non-ice contact lakes?

Answer 31

With non-ice contact lakes, there are meltstreams, so you get more stream facies (braided river, rippled sands), etc. whereas with ice contact, you essential just have the subglacial facies and the bottom lake lam silts and clays ; varves characteristic of non-contact

Question 32

Wind as a geologic agent is capable of:

Answer 32

Erosion, transport, deposition

Question 33

Define Yardang:

Answer 33

Erosional, streamlined elongate mounds of consolidated material, strong, unidirectional wind

Question 34

3 Transport mechanisms in wind:

Answer 34

suspension, saltation, creep

Question 35

4 Main Eolian Depositional Environments:

Answer 35

Dunes, interdune (between dunes, sand sheet (fringe of dune), extradune

Question 36

Formation of dune depends on:

Answer 36

sand size, environment, vegetation

Question 37

Four types of dunes (draw each):

Answer 37

Barchan, Transverse, Parabolic, Longitudinal

Question 38

Dune grain fall and grain flow formation:

Answer 38

grain fall is grains falling out of suspension, grain flow forms when saltating and rolling grains land on slip face and unstable accumulation builds up, the accumulation then cascades down to the base, advancing the dune