Final Review Flashcards
Prejudice
Means to “pre-judge” and refers to the snap judgements we make with limited information
Stereotypes
A stereotype is our belief about members of a particular group. Usually goes hand in hand with prejudice
Discrimination
The actions that follow thoughts of prejudice and stereotyping. Treating people more negatively based on what group the belong to
In-group Bias
When we perceive those in our in-group to be better or more preferred than people who are different from us
- We perceive those in our in-group to be more similar to us for no reason
- More likely to cooperate with those in our in-group
Out-group Homogeneity
Leads us to perceive people in the out-group as being the same with little/no differences
- Strengthen stereotypes
- Less likely to cooperate with people who you perceive to be in the out-group
Attribution
Our explanation about the cause of someone’s behaviour
Fundamental Attribution Error
Describes our tendency to attribute cause to personal traits or factors
- If someone is acting aggressive, we are more likely to assume they are an aggressive person, rather than blaming it on the scenario
Ultimate Attribution Error
We attribute the cause of a behaviour of an entire group is determined by the actions (positive or negative) of one person who belongs to that group
Conformity
The tendency to adjust or change your behaviour in response to a perceived group pressure
- Tends to accentuate the in group and out group stereotypes we make
Obedience
Changing your behaviour because you were specifically told to
Deindividuation
Being less of an individual, or less divided from the group
- When you’re a part of something larger, you can lose your sense of self and personal beliefs
Social Loafing
One person takes advantage of the work of their group mates and reap the same benefits
Pluralistic Ignorance
A situation where you feel like you should do something, but keep it to yourself and do nothing
Diffusion of Responsibility
Multiple people that share the responsibility for an outcome all feel only a part of the pressure of the project
Enlightenment Effect
Once you have learned about a psychological effect, you become less vulnerable to it
Psychodynamic / Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freudian Theory
Your experiences interact with your active, unconscious mind to produce behaviours
Humanist Perspective
Rejection of both psychoanalytic theory and behaviourist theory
Humanists believe that humans have free will, and that we are striving to be better; the world just get’s in the way
** Self-actualization
Behaviourist Perspective
A direct rejection of psychoanalytic theory
Behaviourists think of personality as a reflection of the actions a person does, and that the environment is a cause for behaviour
Cognitive Perspectives
Focuses on how people process, store, and retrieve information. Also, how the information is used to solve problems
Id
Id is very selfish/impulsive and focused on immediate gratification
Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego
Rational part of our personality; it mediates between the id and superego
Superego
The overarching sense of morality. An impossible standard of right and wrong
Strong superego can make a person feel guilty
Repression
Purposeful forgetting of emotional/unpleasant memories (robbery)
Denial
Purposeful forgetting of distressing experiences (child’s death)
