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PSY 117 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are mnemonics?

A

schemes that help ensure retention of material which otherwise would be forgotten

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2
Q

What is reduction coding?

A

stripping away any irrelevant information to reduce the amount that needs to be stored

ex. ROYGBV
- can be problematic bc if you simplify too much you might not be able to reconstruct

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3
Q

What is elaboration coding?

A

adding more information beyond what is necessary to make material more memorable
- adding more dimensions

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4
Q

What are verbal mnemonics? How can they help memory?

A

a sequence with rhyme and rhythm can be learned and helps with recall

  • more complex than visual
  • ensure that the additional information added was relevant to the information that needs to be remembered
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5
Q

What are some examples of imagery mnemonics?

A

method of loci: memorizing a sequence of locations and then associate something to remember with specific locations
- just need to “walk through” to remember
Pegs: use numbers associated with rhyming object (one, bun)
- take things you need to remember in oder, associated them in numerical order

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6
Q

what are the requirements for pegs?

A
  • both the cue and the item must be visualized
  • images must interact in a way that forms one image
  • cues must be easy for the person to remember
  • more than one item can be associated with a cue
  • semantic similarity among the encoding cues impair performance
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7
Q

According to Bower, if we want to learn a sentence what’s the best way to do it?

A
  • people who create their own sentences remember it better because they engage with it semantically
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8
Q

Why is semantic coding useful?

A

it allows us to understand and remember meaningful material

- when people are required to think of something semantically, they tend to add a structure with meaning

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9
Q

What is discriminative capacity?

A

mapping stimuli into compatible, preexisting names

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10
Q

What is redundant coding?

A

when information is coded along several dimensions, it is less likely to be forgotten
- this suggests that mnemonic systems reflect the same basic processes that underlie normal unaided memory

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11
Q

What were the major factors that made mnemonics so successful?

A
  1. role of imagery
  2. presence of a rich network of meaningful associations
    both of these are important for regular memory
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12
Q

What is the mood-state-dependency memory?

A

the ability to remember words/personal experiences that correspond to your current mood

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13
Q

What is state-dependent memory?

A

memories acquired in one state are accessible in that state, but not another
ex. amnesia following violent crimes

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14
Q

What is mood-dependent-retrieval?

A

memories are easier to access if they match the mood you are in
ex. depressed patients take longer to find happy memories rather than sad

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15
Q

What is mood congruity in learning?

A

participants who learned about a happy and sad guy, induced to be happy or sad
- came in next day with neutral mood, still remembered more about the person their emotion matched

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16
Q

What is autonomic awareness?

A

awareness of re-experiencing here and now something that happened before at another time and place

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17
Q

What is noetic awareness?

A

awareness that occurs when a person thinks objectively about something they know
- technically, semantic memory and imagination are both considered noetic awareness

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18
Q

What did the case of RB suggests?

A

RB suggests that there is a separation between autonomic and episodic memory
- autonomic awareness requires a sense of ownership

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19
Q

What are the two modes of consciousness?

A

temporal: conscious of personal time
knowing: does not locate information in time

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20
Q

How does stability affect the aspect of LTM?

A
  • LTM has representations that vary in terms of stability and resistance to modification
  • semantic - over learned, very stable
  • episodic - malleable, unique events
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21
Q

What is multiple trace theory? MTT

A

a theory for LTM consolidation

  • hippocampal formation contributes to the transformation of unstable (episodic) to stable (semantic) memory
  • develops to map neural events/structures underlying the transition
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22
Q

Can memory content be classified in storage?

A

no, semantic and episodic memory differs in retrieval

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23
Q

What has research said about the location of episodic and semantic memory?

A

the networks associated with these memories are distributed widely throughout the brain

  • fluid boundary
  • constituents varies as a function task preferment and content received
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24
Q

What is Klein’s definition of memory?

A

Memory is FROM and ABOUT MY past

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25
How does Klein argue that memory is natural rather than human kind?
memory is stable and does not exist exclusively in one particular culture at a particular time
26
What is immunity to error though misidentification?
the special epistemic character of first person, present tense psychological statements this is me, I'm experiencing this, I am certain
27
What is the differentiation between remembering and memory?
remembering refers to the more general process of retrieval | though all memory requires remembering, not all remembering equals learning
28
what did the bousfield demo show?
the given a list of words that had undisclosed categories... - people who remembered the most had a lot of clusters: more clusters, more recall - there are semantic categories int he black box that "maps" information in order to organize it
29
What is the adjusted ratio of clustering (ARC)?
if the amount of recall is more than what is expected by chance, then there is clustering going on in the black box. - ARC gives us a way to assess the amount of organization and recall
30
How is semantic memory and episodic memory used in information retrieval?
- semantic memory is used to create the categories - episodic memory is used to remember the things - this organization leads to non-random recall (CLUSTERED) in STM and LTM
31
What role does organization play in memory?
organization is the links that have formed between to-be-remembered items - this occurs at retrieval - categories are only relevant to the information we're using
32
What did the demo with the 3 questions (vowel, rhyme, describe you) show?
depth of processing - the more we think about something, the more we remember it
33
What is the problem with the definition of depth?
we use depth to define better recall, but also use better recall to define depth
34
What is the definition of elaboration?
the connections between to-be-known items and extra-list material stores in memory - putting the items in context of things we know
35
Why does elaboration hip memory?
there are more retrieval routes, more cues, more connections | - if we can't remember exactly, they can help us infer
36
What is the notion of forgetting? Why is evolutionarily favorable to forget?
notion of forgetting - how long you can maintain something in your STM forgetting is favorable because it allows your to purge unnecessary information
37
What is retroactive interference?
``` if you study for another class after studying for this class, it can work to retroactively confuse you - if you study for a class that isn't similar, you will find little interference ```
38
what is proactive interference?
``` if you study for another class before studying for this one, it can proactively confuse you - if it isn't similar, there will be little interference ```
39
What did Brown-Peterson find?
believed in behaviorism STM lost results from decay, which differentiates itself from LTM - not the same type of forgetting - in LTM you can infer, but in STM you can't because the information is no longer there
40
What is the interference theory?
everything you learn is going to ultimately be in storage we save in storage much more than we can retrieve how do we know it's interference? - it is retrieval based and does not deal with learning
41
What did Craik, Birtwistle, and Gardner (CBG) find?
gave list of cars to people - exp 1: told them that the 4th was subtly different - exp 2: told after they had studied the final group about the change from domestic to foreign remembering for the last category of cars was more in both conditions than ctrl
42
What is the capacity for STM?
7 +/- 2 units
43
What determines chunks for STM?
LTM | as long as they're meaningful, they can be as big as you can make them
44
What is the serial position effect?
there is a U shaped curve to remembering | those in the first and last items on the list are easiest to remember
45
What was special about Inuadi?
- illiterate Italian shepherd - became a tape recorder for numbers - if you changes number to letters, his memory become normal
46
What was special about Diamondi?
mental camera - could visualize whatever you gave him in his mind did he actually have a mental picture? - used time, found that some answers took longe and proved he could not see
47
What was special about Bidder?
mathematician that used elaborations to help him remember numbers - not his capacity - found numbers that meant something to him, used #'s as cues
48
What was special about the UW runner?
When numbers were organized into an array that made them look like running times, he was able to chunk them meaningfully - practiced and became better - when the numbers changes, recall wasn't as good - technique, not capacity
49
What was special about Elizabeth?
eidetic memory - photographic | - able to draw pictures made from dots
50
What was special about S?
reporter, used combo of techniques capacity was unusual - unteachable techniques: synesthesia - method of loci: associated stuff with structures: walk down moscow
51
Why is S's condition not so great?
synesthesia made things hard to understand - lots of stimuli gets distracting unable to find patterns or categorize lists too many memories can confuse the mind
52
What was the phenomenon that RB faced?
after a head injury, he is able to describe events from his life, but felt that they did not belong to hi, - feel like someone added the memory there - dissociation between autonoetic awareness
53
Describe the case of HM
epileptic who had temporal lobe removed retrograde amnesia: cannot remember ew things, stuck in the moment
54
According to Tulving, are episodic and semantic memory dependent or independent?
independent | you can have one working but not the other
55
What did the word fragment completion task show?
people w amnesia showed a word w/ common 1st 3 letters - told to guess rest of the word, always guessed the word they were shown before - did not recall episodically
56
What is agnosia?
loss of knowledge - show someone the word dog. ask them later, they recall - ask them what a dog is: idk type of SEMANTIC knowledge
57
Can you lose all semantic knowledge?
no
58
What kinds of memories do animals have?
semantic memory | cause and effect: used for anticipatory function, requires sense of time
59
Why do we think humans evolved episodic memory?
may have a social function, helps us deal with complex social interaction
60
What was the chess study and what was the conclusion?
chess masters and novices memorized chess board - chess masters knew more until they were placed in meaningless positions - use both semantic and episodic when we can
61
What is procedural memory?
knowing how to do something - cognitive and physical skills - does not have truth value - non declarative memory
62
What types of memory are declarative? What is truth value?
episodic and semantic | knowing WHAT/THAT
63
What is the mirror reading test and what conclusions were drawn from it?
People looked at difficult words in the mirror, and everyone did better with practice - amnesics able to learn bc they still have procedural memory - normal people: if given the same list twice, they do better than amnesics bc they use episodic
64
Describe the case of DB and his association with time
DB had hippocampal damage and could no longer form episodic memory - everything was completely in the moment: could not recall what happened to him and could not place himself in the future
65
What is behaviorism
an approach to studying people by observing their behavior | - used to objectively study memory
66
What is monism materialism?
the belief that everything is material | - mental states are material and located in the brain
67
What is the one condition that Ebbinghaus gave us?
experimental control
68
What is S & R psych?
stimulus response psych - the parts of the human equation we can see - s goes in, r comes out - both of these are objectifiable and measurable
69
What is the "black box"?
A structure that describes the mind - we can see what goes in and what comes out, but what happens on the inside? - if we can't see it, we can't objectify it
70
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, what are the 3 levels of memory?
sensory STM LTM all empirically different from each other bc of capabilities
71
what is the principle of parsimony?
the model that can explain most amount of information with the smallest amount of assumptions
72
What are the 3 pronged monster in psych?
encoding - taking real world thoughts/stimuli and bring them into the system storage - does it even exist? retrieval - retrieving something in the memory that was encoded in the past
73
What is the difference from recalling something and recognizing it?
recall - respond to a request, easier to recall familiar words recognize - have to ID, easier to recognize something that is unfamiliar

PSY 117 (2 decks)

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