Midterm Review

Question 1

Describe the case of HM

Answer 1

epileptic who had his temporal lobe removed

• retrograde amnesia: could not remember new things, stuck in the moment
• intelligence unchanged

Question 2

according to Tulving, are episodic and semantic memories dependent or independent?

Answer 2

independent

- you can have one working while the other one isn’t

Question 3

What did the fragment completion task show?

Answer 3

subject with amnesia shown a word

• given words that share the first 3 letters with other words
• told to guess what the rest of the word is, and they always say the word they were shown
• do not episodically remember seeing the word

Question 4

What is agnosia?

Answer 4

loss of knowledge

• if you show someone the word dog, ask them later what the word was, they will remember
• ask them what a dog is: idk
• loss of semantic knowledge

Question 5

Can you lose all your semantic knowledge?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

What kinds of memories do animals have?

Answer 6

semantic memory

• cause and effect
• used for anticipatory function, requires some sense of time

Question 7

Why do we think humans evolved episodic memory?

Answer 7

social function

- being able to reconstruct social situations helps simplify the complex social interactions between humans

Question 8

What was the chess study and what was the conclusion?

Answer 8

chess masters vs novices look at a chess board and put it back together by memory
- masters knew 3-4x more, used semantic memory to construct the rest of the board
when the pieces were places randomly, they memorized roughly the same amount
- both had to use only episodic
conclusion: when available, we use both together

Question 9

What is procedural memory?

Answer 9

knowing HOW to do something

• cognitive and physical skills
• does not have truth value
• animals have procedural memory
• nondeclarative memory

Question 10

what types of memory are declarative?

Answer 10

episodic, semantic

know WHAT/THAT

Question 11

what was the mirror reading test and what conclusions were drawn from it?

Answer 11

people looked at difficult words in the mirror

• everyone did better with practice
• when given the same list twice, normal people did better than the amnesiacs bc they were able to use episodic memory

Question 12

describe the case of DB and his association with time

Answer 12

DB had hippocampal damage and could no longer form episodic memories

• everything was completely in the moment
• cannot recall what had happened in the past or what will happen to him in the future

Question 13

what is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 13

explicit - can be consciously recalled

implicit cannot be consciously recalled

Question 14

What was behaviorism?

Answer 14

an approach to studying people by observing their behavior

- use to objectively study emmory

Question 15

what is manism materialism?

Answer 15

this is a belief that everything is material

- mental states are material and are located in the brain

Question 16

what is the serial projection curve?

Answer 16

a curve that indicates that the first and last items in a series are more likely to be recalled

Question 17

What was the one contribution Ebbinghaus gave us?

Answer 17

experimental control

Question 18

What is S&R psych?

Answer 18

stimulus response psychology

• s goes in, r comes out
• part of the human equation we can see
• both are objectifiable and measurable

Question 19

what is the black box?

Answer 19

basically a structure that describes the mind

- we can see the stimulus that’s going in and the response coming out, but what happens on the inside?

Question 20

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, what are the 3 levels of memory?

Answer 20

sensory, short term, long term

• all of these have to be shown to be empirically different from each other
• separated by their capabilities

Question 21

What is the difference between recalling something and recognizing it?

Answer 21

recall: respond to a request
- easier to recall familiar words that unfamiliar words
recognize: have to identify something
- easier to recognize something that is unfamiliar
- thing that are too similar/too different are easy to recognize

Question 22

What is the physical differences between short and long term memory?

Answer 22

short term: based on temporary electrical activity within the brain
long term: based n the development of more permanent neurochemical changes

Question 23

What is the difference between remembering and knowing?

Answer 23

remembering: recalling the actual experience
- distinction suggests that explicit recognition and recall memory may reflect more than one underlying system or process

Question 24

What is the episodic buffer?

Answer 24

the temporary storage system that binds together info from the phonological and visuospatial subsystems of working memory with the information from long term memory

Question 25

what are the 5 major human memory systems?

Answer 25

``` episodic semantic procedural perceptual short term ```

Question 26

What is the definition of semantic memory?

Answer 26

registers/stores of knowledge about the world in the broadest sense, objects relationship to the world - allows people to represent and mentally operate on things in the world around - medial temporal lobe

Question 27

What is the definition of episodic memory?

Answer 27

these memories are composed of personally experienced events - conscious awareness of earlier experience - temporal organization, mental time travel - frontal lobe

Question 28

what is the relationship between episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 28

episodic memory has evolved out of semantic | - semantic memory develops earlier in life

Question 29

what is autonoetic awareness?

Answer 29

remembering personally experienced events and consciously recollecting int

Question 30

what is noetic awareness?

Answer 30

characterizes retrieval of info from semantic memory, unconscious

Question 31

what is anoetic awareness?

Answer 31

expression of procedural knowledge

Question 32

what did the case study of DB reveal?

Answer 32

semantic and episodic memory are separate - has severe difficulty in imagining what his experiences might be in future but can anticipate issues in the public domain

Question 33

what is the difference between capacity and function?

Answer 33

``` function - what the machine is specifically designed to do - contains design features that are present to help contribute to function capability - other function that the machine can be used for - does not explain the design features - capabilities are arbitrary with respect to the intended function ```

Question 34

why is it believed that there are two memory systems?

Answer 34

retrieval of episodic memory is inefficient - semantic memory provides a fast summary of behavioral episodes - less accurate

Question 35

What is a trait summary?

Answer 35

it gives info about someone's behavior under average circumstances

Question 36

what is the impression revaluation hypothesis?

Answer 36

reevaluation of past actions when new information about intention surfaces

Question 37

are single episodes about a novel person sufficient to trigger computation trait summaries?

Answer 37

yes. the participants in the one month condition had formed trait summaries for the fake person - formed after one episode - could not recall any facts about the fake person, only the trait summary

Question 38

Is reevaluation based on retrieval of facts from episodic or semantic memory?

Answer 38

episodic | DB was unable to reevaluate the woman's character in light of new information