Final Review Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Correlation Method
A
study of 2 variable to see if they are related and understand the direction and strength of that relationship
2
Q
Cell Membrane
A
selective permeability, some molecules can pass and others can’t.
3
Q
Molecules
A
are ions that are electrical charge
4
Q
Selective Permeability
A
an uneven distribution of ionsinside and outside cell. There are more negative ions on the inside of the cell.
5
Q
Resting Potential
A
negative charge of -70mV. There is more Potassium and protein inside the cell
6
Q
Sodium-potassium pump (keeps at resting potential)
A
Pumps 3 Na ions out of cell for every 2 K ions it pumps in. There will be more NA ions outside of the cell membrane. (NA is always positively charged).
7
Q
Action Potential
A
when the cell is stimulated, and Na channels open the cell becomes more positively charged (-30mV)
8
Q
Synapse
A
is a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
9
Q
Synaptic cleft
A
When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, an action potential causes the chemical to be released into very tiny gaps between the neuron and adjacent neurons.
10
Q
Synaptic Transmission
A
8 steps:
- synthesis
- transportation and storage
- release
- binding
- deactivation
- autoreceptor activation
- reuptake
- degradation
11
Q
Synthesis
A
made in the cell body, also known as neurotransmitters, they transmit information from one neuron to another.
12
Q
Transportation and storage
A
neurotransmitters are transported from the cell body to the axon terminal where they are stored. They are stored in small bead-like containers called synaptic vesicles
13
Q
Release (presynaptic membrane)
A
the synaptic vesicles melt into the cell membrane, causing the release of the neurotransmitter into the synapse
14
Q
Binding
A
The released molecules of neurotransmitter float across the gap and some bind with the membrane of the cell after the synapse.
15
Q
Deactivation
A
acetylcholine neurotransmitter can be destroyed by an enzyme in the synapse which stops the transmitter from having a never-ending influence on the postsynaptic cell.
16
Q
Autoreceptor activation
A
only respond to neurotransmitters that have been released by the same neuron on which it is situated
17
Q
Reuptake
A
Leftover and excess neurotransmitter molecules can be brought back in to the presynaptic region of the cell.
18
Q
Degradation
A
Enzymes in the presynaptic region break down excess neurotransmitter molecules, which are then eliminated
19
Q
Retina
A
neural tissue that lines that back surface of the eye – it absorbs light and processes images, sends information to the brain
20
Q
Photoreceptors
A
rods and cones, but only 10% of the light reaches them.
21
Q
Information process of the eye
A
receptors (cones/rods)
->bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic disk -> occipital cortex (visual information processing)
22
Q
What projects an inverted image onto the retina
A
cornea and lens
23
Q
focuses the light rays falling on the retina.
A
Lens
24
Q
Optic disk
A
a place in the retina where the optic nerve fibres exit the eye.
25
Cones
play a key role in daylight vision and colour vision, also visual acuity. (does the first stage of processing)
26
Rods
play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision. Rods handle night vision because they are more sensitive than cones to dim light.
27
a tiny spot in the centre of the retina that contains only cones.
Fovea
28
Transduction
the process of converting basic sensory information into neural activity that the brain can interrupt
29
Feature Analysis (bottom-up processisng)
it is a bottom-up processing where progression from individual elements to the whole.
30
Top-down processing
a progression from the whole to the elements. For example, there is evidence that people can perceive a word before its individual letters,
31
Frontal cortex (forebrain)
o Fine motor skills
| o Executive functions
32
Temporal lobe
o Memory
| o Primary auditory cortex
33
Occipital cortex
o Vision
| o Visual information processing
34
Parietal cortex primary
o Primary somatosensory cortex
- Responsible for processing somatic sensations
- Primary receptor of general bodily sensation.
o Multisensory integration
35
Amygdala
part of limbic system involved in emotion and aggression
36
Hippocampus
involved in learning and memory
37
Thalamus
relay centre for cortex, handles incoming and outgoing signals
38
Trichromatic Theory
the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths; red, green and blue. These colours can be mixed together to perceive other colours.
39
afterimage
a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed. The afterimage will be the complement of the colour you originally stared at.
40
Stimulus generalization
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are like the original stimulus.
41
Stimulus discrimination
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
42
Evaluative processing
refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.
43
operant conditioning
is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
44
Classic Conditioning
is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
45
Conditioning involves
learning connections between events that occur in an organism’s environment.
46
the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience.
Psychophysics
| Wilhelm Wundt
47
Sensory adaption
gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation.
48
LGN
located in the thalamus, it is the relay center for the visual pathway and receives the majority of its sensory input from the retina of the eye. It is also the main central connection that connects the optic nerve to the occipital lobe (visual cortex, at back of brain). (follows opponent process theory).
49
Negative Reinforcement
occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
50
Positive Reinforcement
occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
51
Punishment
occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
52
Which brainstem area is strongly associated with sleep?
Reticular Formation
53
Optic chiasm
optic nerves from inside half of each eye cross over.
| so both hemispheres get input from both eyes
54
Colour depends on 3 properties of light
wavelength
purity
amplitude
55
pineal gland
produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which controls sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles
56
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
sends signals to the nearby pineal gland. And the structure that is responsible for coordinating our circadian rhythms
57
Narcolepsy
a disease where a person goes directly from wakefulness into REM sleep.
• Cause of Narcolepsy is impairment in the regulation of REM sleep.
58
Insomnia
chronic problems in getting adequate sleep that result in daytime fatigue and impaired functioning.
59
Why do we dream?
not sure, there is now valid answer
60
Psychoactive drugs
are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning. altering neurotransmitter activity in the brain.
61
Dorsal
process of where the objects are
62
Ventral
process of what the objects are.
63
Distal stimuli
are stimuli that lie in the distance
64
proximal stimuli
the stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors
65
Information transportation
routed through the spinal cord to the brainstem. Then projects through the thalamus and onto the somatosensory cortex in the brain’s parietal lobe.
66
Spinal cord
responsible for transmitting information between brain and rest of body.
67
Gate-control theory
holds that incoming pain sensations must pass through a “gate” in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals.
68
Wavelength (frequency)
measured in hertz, affected the pitch
69
Amplitude (loudness)
the greater the amplitude of sound waves, the louder the sound perceived.
70
Frequency theory
perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates.
71
Basiliar membrane hair cells
The hair cells along the basilar membrane are not independent. They vibrate together, as suggested by frequency theory.
72
pitch perception
depends on both place and frequency coding of vibrations along the basilar membrane
73
Albert Bandura
study of aggression eg) bobo doll
74
I punch Mr Vomit-Bucket at random intervals. However, I have taught him that whenever he shouts, “Psychology is the best!”, I will not punch him. In operant conditioning terms, me not hitting him when he displays desired behevaiour is an example of:
Negative reinforcement
75
the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
psychoanalysis
76
Structuralism
based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. (Wilhelm Watson)
77
Functionalism
based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure. (William James)
EG) investigated mental testing, patterns of development in children, the effectiveness of educational practices, and behavioural differences between the sexes.
78
B.F Skinner
believed that organisms repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
79
clinical psychology
is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.
80
The brain and spinal cord make up this part of the nervous system:
Central nervous system
81
Psychometric
field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.
82
The branch of psychology that concerns itself with, for example, the development of new tests and questionnaires, is called:
Psychometrics
83
Developmental psychology
looks at how thinking, feeling, and behavior change throughout a person's life
84
Empiricism
originate in experience, that all concepts are about or applicable to things that can be experienced
85
peripheral nervous system
All nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord
86
The concept of self-actualization refers to humans’ desire to:
Achieve one’s goals by growing as a person
87
Cognitive neuroscience
to determine how the brain functions and achieves performance
88
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory
1879
89
To be considered scientific, a theory must be:
Testable
90
John B. Watson
Study observable behaviour only
91
Brain system associated with emotional processing:
Limbic system
92
Retrograde amnesia
involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.
93
Anterograde amnesia
involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.
94
3 key processes in memory
1) Encoding (getting information in)
2) Storage (maintaining it)
3) Retrieval (getting it out)
95
3 ways incoming information is processed:
1) Structural encoding
2) Phonemic encoding
3) Semantic encoding
96
Structural encoding (shallow processing)
emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus.
97
Phonemic encoding
emphasizes what a word sounds like, which involves naming or saying the words.
98
Semantic encoding (deep processing)
emphasizes the meaning of verbal input; it involves thinking about the objects and actions the words represent.
99
Enhancing Semantic encoding
use elaboration, which is linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
100
Imagery
the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered—can also be used to enrich encoding.
101
Richard Atkinson theory
incoming information passes through two temporary storage buffers—the sensory store and short-term store—before it is transferred into a long-term store.
102
Increase capacity of short term memory
combining stimuli into larger, possibly higher-order units, called chunks
103
Chunks
is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
104
```
Working memory
(short term memory)
```
is a limited capacity storage system that temporarily maintains and stores information by providing an interface between perception, memory, and action.
105
Baddeley’s Model
| PVCE
1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketchpad
3) central executive system
4) episodic buffer
106
Long-term memory (LTM)
is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. can store information indefinitely.
107
schema
is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event.
108
semantic network
consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
109
Why do people forget information that they would like to remember?
There isn’t one simple answer to this question. Research has shown that forgetting can be caused by defects in encoding, storage, retrieval, or some combination of these processes.
110
Hermann Ebbinghaus
studies on forgetting, his main subject was himself.
111
retention interval
is the length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered and the measurement of forgetting.
112
Retroactive interference
occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
113
proactive interference
occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
114
Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM)
is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words in encoding. Example) nurse, hospital.
115
Sins of omission
| TAB
we cannot bring the memory to mind.
1) transience - simple weakening of a memory over time, referred to as memory failure.
2) Absentmindedness - refers to a memory failure that is often due to a failure to pay attention because we are perhaps preoccupied with other things.
3) Blocking - temporary problem that occurs when we fail to retrieve an item of information such as someone’s name when we meet them.
116
Sins of commission
| MSBP
memory problems where some type of memory is present, but the memory is either ‘incorrect or unwanted’
1) Misattribution - we assign a memory to the wrong source,
2) Suggestibility – memory is distorted by misleading questions.
3) Bias – inaccuracy due to the effect of our current knowledge on our reconstruction of the past.
4) Persistence - involves unwanted memories or recollections that you cannot forget—memories that haunt you.
117
Implicit Memory
techniques used to measure the memory indirectly.
118
Area of brain storage of implicit
hippocampus
119
Explicit memory
involves intentional recollection of previous experiences.
120
Area of brain storage of explicit
temporal lobe
