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w.RADT 161 > final review prep > Flashcards

final review prep Flashcards

1
Q

When an X-ray beam is filtered, photon quantity in the primary beam would be

A

decreased

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2
Q

The formula for magnification factor is

A

SID/SOD (SID divided by SOD)

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3
Q

A measurement between the source of the X-rays ( in the primary beam) and the image or IR is known as:

A

SID

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4
Q

To obtain minimum magnification, a technologist should:

A

position the object close to the image receptor

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5
Q

A foreshortened image:

A

results from an inclined object

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6
Q

Any misrepresentation of an anatomic structure that alters its size and / or shape defines:

A

distortion

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7
Q

smaller focal spot sizes cause

A

less blur (less geometric/inherent blur)

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8
Q

The greatest enemy of the sharpness of detail is

A

motion

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9
Q

To avoid shape distortion, which of the following must be paid close attention to?

A

Part angulation

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10
Q

What radiographic quality factor would be most affected by an excessive amount of geometric blur (focal spot blur)?

A

recorded detail

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11
Q

When proper radiographic detail cannot be obtained because of excessive OID, what change in technique may be use to improve the detail?

A

increase SID

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12
Q

Which of the following directly affects the degree of shape distortion in an image

  1. object thickness and shape
  2. angle of the object in relation to the film
  3. OID
  4. angle of the beam in relation to the object
  5. centering of the x-ray beam to the object
A

1,2, 4, and 5 only

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13
Q

Which of the following would not be included in the principal geometric factors affecting radiographic quality?

A

collimation

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14
Q

Which set of conditions will produce an image with the greatest magnification?

A. 20 inches SID, 1 inch OID
B. 40 inches SID, 3 inches OID
C. 50 inches SID, 5 inches OID
D. 72 inches SID, 5 inches OID

A

C. 50 inches SID, 5 inches OID

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15
Q

Which would provide the greatest detail in an x-ray image?
(1) Small focal spot
(2) Longer SID

A

1 and 2

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16
Q

With all other factors unchanged, if focal spot size is decreased, image magnification will

increase/decrease/not change at all

A

not change at all

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17
Q

With all other factors unchanged, if mAs is decreased, image magnification will:

increase/decrease/not change at all

A

not change at all

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18
Q

If the CR is off-centered to an object but there is still alignment with the anatomy/IR and CR, magnification will

increase/decrease/not change at all

A

not change at all

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19
Q

With all other factors unchanged, if the anatomy of interest is tilted in relation to the IR (and the IR remains parallel with the table/Bucky), image distortion will:

increase/decrease/not change at all

A

increase

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20
Q

T/F:
Foreshortening and elongation are examples of shape distortion

A

true

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21
Q

T/F: Recorded detail is a degree of sharpness on the radiograph.

A

true

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22
Q

T/F: to acquire greater detail you should use a small focal spot

A

true

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23
Q

T/F: typically there is always slight magnification on radiographic images

A

true

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24
Q

T/F: You can increase detail by increasing OID.

A

false

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25
Q

The smaller the effective focal spot the _______ the recorded detail.

A

greater

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26
Q

radiation is defined as _______________

A

energy in form of waves sent out over a distance

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27
Q

When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, the atom is said to be:

A

ionized

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28
Q

What is defined as a charged particle?

A

an ion

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29
Q

Which of the following is an ionizing radiation

microwave
radiowave
x-ray
ultrasound wave

A

x-ray

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30
Q

X-rays are what form of ionizing radiation?

A

electromagnetic

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31
Q

X-ray wavelength is _________ to frequency

A

inversely proportional

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32
Q

X-ray energies are ______ related to their wavelength.

A

inversely

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33
Q

X-rays are considered ____________

A

heterogeneous

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34
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of x-rays?

capable of producing harmful effects
capable of penetrating matter
electrically neutral
have no mass
all of the above

A

all of the above

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35
Q

The property of x-rays that accounts for their effect on biological systems is that they

A

cause ionization in matter

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36
Q

No useful input/ undiagnostic information on the image that will interfere with the visibility of the anatomy is called

A

noise

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37
Q

The ability to demonstrate/distinguish a small object in a high contrast image, its accuracy and clarity, is the definition of which of the following?

Spatial resolution
Contrast resolution

A

spatial resolution

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38
Q

The _________ the SID the _________ the magnification.

A

greater, smaller

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39
Q

Spatial resolution is affected by which of the following

focal spot size
kVp
none of the above

A

focal spot size

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40
Q

Sharply recorded details are demonstrated when:

  1. motion is controlled
  2. a large focal spot is used
  3. a large OID is used
A

1 only

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41
Q

Shape distortion is controlled by

A

alignment

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42
Q

Examinations of body parts with large inherent OID use _________ whenever possible.

A

large SID

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43
Q

Any unwanted marks on a film are classified as

A

artifacts

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44
Q

An increase in OID will cause an increase in:

A

magnification

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45
Q

A radiograph showing a relative lack of focal spot blur would be called:

A

sharp in detail

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46
Q

T/F:
In radiography, optical density is a visible representation of the quantity of X-ray photons reaching the IR.

A

true

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47
Q

T/F: increasing mAs increases optical density

A

true

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48
Q

T/F:
Increasing mAs increases optical density.

A

true

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49
Q

T/F: increasing mAs increases brightness

A

false

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50
Q

what controls the scale of contrast in a radiographic image?

A

kVp

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51
Q

what controls optical density in the radiographic image?

A

mAs

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52
Q

A radiograph that has sharp differences in optical density is called:

A

high contrast

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53
Q

A radiograph with a small number of widely varying optical density values is said to possess:

A

short scale contrast

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54
Q

which scale of contrast has a short gray scale and used a low kVp

A

high scale of contrast

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55
Q

which scale of contrast has a long gray scale and used a high kVp?

A

low scale of contrast

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56
Q

scale of contrast increases as ___________

A

kVp is decreased

57
Q

scale of contrast decreases as __________

A

kVp is increased

58
Q

gray scale increases as ___________

A

as kVp is increased

59
Q

gray scale decreases as ___________

A

kVp is decreased

60
Q

Doubling the mAs will result in:

  1. increased patient dose
  2. twice as many photons in the x-ray beam
  3. increased radiographic density
A

1, 2, and 3

61
Q

If all other factors are unchanged and mA is decreased, image optical density will

A

directly decrease

62
Q

If all other factors are unchanged and time is decreased, image optical density will

A

directly decrease

63
Q

Which of the following is the best to obtain 20 mAs

100 mA @ 1/5 sec
200 mA @ .1 sec
300 ma @ 1/15 sec
400 mA @ .05 sec

A

400 mA @ .05 seconds

64
Q

According to the reciprocity law, a technique of 200 mA, .5 second and 68 kVp can be changed to 400 mA, _______ second and 68 kVp.

A

0.25

65
Q

For the 1st exposure, 10 mA @ .5 seconds were used. There was considerable motion on the finished image. For the repeat, the time was decreased to .05 seconds. What mA would need to be used in order to maintain density?

A

100

66
Q

Which of the following would result in the shortest scale of contrast?

300 mA
1/30 sec
70 kVp

300 mA
1/60 sec
80 kVp

200 mA
1/20 sec
70 kVp

100 mA
2/10 sec
60 kVp

A

100 mA
2/10 sec
60 kVp

67
Q

In the term kVp, the ‘p’ actually stands for

A

highest voltage (peak)

68
Q

Long wavelength radiation will produce a radiograph with

A

short scale contrast

69
Q

If an image (if the anatomical anatomy) is under-penetrated, the cause would be

A

not enough kVp

70
Q

If an image (if the anatomical anatomy) is under-exposed, the cause would be

A

not enough mAs

71
Q

T/F: Radiographic contrast and optical density of the manifest image in a digital image is primarily affected by predetermined algorithms in the computer.

A

true

72
Q

T/F: Differential absorption results in the process of image formation, whereby the x-ray beam interacts with the anatomic tissue and a portion of the beam strikes the image receptor.

A

true

73
Q

________ defines the range of colors of gray (the differences) in a radiograph including the dark areas and the bright (or clear areas)

A

contrast scale

74
Q

_________ defines a color of gray in the image

A

density

75
Q

differences in the brightness levels on the radiographic image is called

A

image contrast

76
Q

a longer scale of contrast (many shades of gray) within the part can be obtained by

A

increasing the kVp

77
Q

An image with a brief range of widely different densities possesses

  1. short scale contrast
  2. long scale contrast
  3. high contrast
  4. low contrast
A

1 and 3 only

78
Q

In order to maintain the same density level and the mA is doubled, you should

A

1/2 the time

79
Q

an additive disease requires a(n) (increase/decrease) in (mAs/kVp)

A

increase, kVp

80
Q

Select the factors that affect subject contrast

  1. physique
  2. age
  3. development (muscle vs. soft tissue)
  4. pathology
A

all of the above

81
Q

, the thorax represents high subject contrast. Therefore, which of the following is most appropriate?

High kVp
Low kVp

A

high kVp

82
Q

Which of the following is not a primary factor in the production of a radiograph?

intensification factor
mA
seconds
kVp

A

intensification factor

83
Q

Which of the following does not belong in this group

wavelength
penetration
kV
intensity

A

intensity

84
Q

The use of 15% kilovoltage rule in the maintenance of OD as mAs is halved offers the advantage of:

lower patient dose
shorter exposure times

A

both

85
Q

What does the 15% rule state?

A

That a change of 15% in kVp will result in approximately the the same change in density as doubling, or halving the mAs.

86
Q

At 30 inch SID, 200 mR of radiation reaches the IR changing the distance to 72 inches, the new intensity of radiation will be

To solve this problem, we would use…

A

Inverse Square Law

87
Q

An exposure is made at 40 inches using 100 mAs. At 60 inches, what is the new mAs to maintain density?

To solve this problem, use the….

A

Direct Square Law

88
Q

A technique of 160 mAs and 60 kV has been employed in producing a satisfactory image. In order to reduce patient exposure and to maintain density, _______ mAs and ______ kVp should be used.

To solve this problem, use the

A

15% rule

89
Q

“The intensity or exposure rate of radiation at a given distance from a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance” defines

A

Inverse Square Law

90
Q

Which affect the quality of a radiographic image?
(1) Patient positioning
(2) Selection of technique factors

A

1 and 2

91
Q

The amount of energy absorbed by an irradiated object is primarily controlled by:

  1. Energy of incident photon
  2. Atomic number of the tissue
  3. Speed of the incident photon
A

1 and 2 only

92
Q

“…the ability of the imaging system to distinguish between small objects that attenuate the x-ray beam similarly…” defines

A

contrast resolution

93
Q

The function of radiographic contrast in a radiograph is to

A

make detail visible

94
Q

According to the textbook, the number of different shades of gray that can be stored and displayed by a computer system is termed

A

scale of contrast/gray scale

95
Q

Which of the body tissues has the highest absorption when exposed to diagnostic x-rays?

soft tissue
bone
muscle
gas

A

bone

96
Q

Which of the primary exposure factors has the greatest effect on beam quality, attenuation, and exposure latitude?

A

kVp

97
Q

Which term might be used to describe an x-ray image that has a few shades of gray with marked visible differences between the ODs?

A

short scale contrast

98
Q

kVp is the controlling factor for which of the following?

quantity of x-rays
size of the focal spot
OID
none of the above

A

none of the above

99
Q

The ability of an IR to display different definition shades of gray from light to dark.

A

exposure latitude

100
Q

The range of exposure intensities an IR can accurately detect.

A

dynamic range

101
Q

T/F: As the energy of an x-ray beam is increased, the penetrability is increased.

A

true

102
Q

T/F: In the diagnostic range, characteristic radiation constitutes most of the x-ray beam.

A

false

103
Q

T/F:
Penetrability is an expression of x-ray quality and conveys the ability of x-rays to pass through tissues.

A

true

104
Q

T/F:
Transmission is the term used to describe what happens when the x-ray photon travels through the part completely.

A

true

105
Q

____________ is the reduction of intensity of the X-ray beam as it passes through the tissue being imaged.

A

attenuation

106
Q

With the Compton effect an ______ shell electron is ejected.

A

outer shell

107
Q

Which x-ray interactions with tissue occur in the diagnostic imaging x-ray energy range?

Compton
Photoelectric
both of the above
none of the above

A

both of the above

108
Q

Which x-ray interactions with tissue involve the removal of an orbital electron?

(1) Compton
(2) Characteristic
(3) Photoelectric

A

1 and 3 only

109
Q

When the kVp selected is equal to or slightly greater than the inner shell binding energy of a tissue atom, which interaction predominates?

Compton
Classical
Photoelectric
Pair production

A

photoeletric

110
Q

What is the ejected electron called in a photoelectric event?

A

photoelectron

111
Q

What is the effect of increasing kVp on the x-ray beam?

A

increased quality and penetrability

112
Q

The x-ray beam that leaves the patient in the direction of the image receptor is often referred to as:

A

exit radiation

113
Q

The photoelectric interaction most commonly occurs when the incident photon strikes an (inner/outer) shell electron

A

inner

114
Q

The opposite of radiolucent is:

A

opacity

115
Q

The amount of energy absorbed by an irradiated object is primarily controlled by:

  1. Energy of incident photon
  2. Atomic number of the tissue
  3. Speed of the incident photon
A

1 and 2 only

116
Q

Primary radiation can be defined as

A

radiation that exits the tube port

117
Q

During a photoelectric interaction, the incident photon is ____________ by the electron of the target atom.

A

totally absorbed

118
Q

Attenuation is

  1. affected by absorption only
  2. affected by scattering only
  3. the product of both absorption and scattering
A
  1. the product of both absorption and scattering
119
Q

_______ refers to x-rays leaving the patient that did not interact with atoms as it passed through the patient.

Absorption
Attenuation
Scattering
Transmission

A

Transmission

120
Q

Changing the mA controls which of the following?

  1. Penetrating power of the x-ray beam
  2. Quality of the x-ray beam
  3. Quantity of the x-ray beam
  4. Average photon energy of the x-ray beam
A
  1. Quantity of the x-ray beam
121
Q

The number of x-rays in the useful (primary beam) is called

x-ray quantity
radiation exposure
all of the above

A

all of the above

122
Q

X-rays were discovered by ________

A

Roentgen

123
Q

X-rays were discovered on __________ and the 1st x-ray was of a ____

A

November 8 1895; hand

124
Q

Which factors if changed, change x-ray quantity?
(1) mAs
(2) kVp

A

1 and 2

125
Q

Which factors if changed, change x-ray quality?
(1) mAs
(2) kVp

A

kVp

126
Q

At higher kilovoltage (kVp) the percentage of photoelectric interactions:

A

decreases

127
Q

Which tissue interaction is responsible for patient dose of ionizing radiation?

A

photoelectric

128
Q

The shift of the characteristic x-ray spectrum to higher energy occurs because of ____________ in kVp

A

increase

129
Q

The probability of the incident photon having a Compton scattering interaction is influenced principally by ______________

A

energy of the incident photon

130
Q

The photoelectric effect is principally associated with the _________ of an x-ray photon.

A

absorption

131
Q

The percentage of Compton interaction _________ with increasing energy (higher kVp) of the incident x-ray photon.

A

increases

132
Q

The Compton interaction involves outer shell electrons due to their (high/low) binding energy.

A

low

133
Q

In reference to target interactions, only kVp settings of _____ or greater will produce K characteristic photons.

A

70

134
Q

A change in mA (does/does not) change the number of electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode.

A

does

135
Q

A change in mA (does/does not) change the kinetic energy of electrons flowing from cathode to anode.

A

does not

136
Q

Anatomic structures that readily transmit x-rays have a _____ atomic number.

A

low

137
Q

Decreasing tissue atomic number _________ beam attenuation.

A

decreases

138
Q

Increasing kVp _________ transmission

A

increases

139
Q

The attenuation of x-rays occurs:

A

exponentially

w.RADT 161 (10 decks)

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