Final Semester 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Which combination of features is most in plant and animal cells?
A
Cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes
1
Q
Which organelles have a transport function?
A
Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
2
Q
Which pair of features is correct for both plant and prokaryotic cells?
A
Plant cell:
Contains DNA with protein
Prokaryote:
Contains naked DNA
3
Q
In what way are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?
A
Eukaryotes:
Protein is present
Prokaryotic:
Protein is absent
4
Q
Which of the following structures are present in both plant and animal cells?
A
Mitochondrion only
5
Q
What is essential for diffusion?
A
A concentration gradient
6
Q
Which pair of characteristics are correct for the cellular processes of Exocytosis and Endocytosis?
A
Exo:
Secretion of cellular materials
Endo:
Vesicles are moved away from the plasma membrane
7
Q
Which two molecules are the principle components of membranes?
A
Protein and lipids
8
Q
What is facilitated diffusion?
A
The passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a channel protein
9
Q
The diagram shows a model of a biological membrane. What do labels I, II, and III mean?
A
I: glycoproteins
II: integral protein
III: hydrophilic phosphate head
10
Q
What processes are illustrated by the labels in the diagram below?
A
I: Endocytosis
II: digestion by lysosomes
11
Q
What is the composition of the backbone of DNA?
A
Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
12
Q
Which of the following are connected by a hydrogen bond?
A
A base pair of a DNA molecule
13
Q
Which substance is a base that is found in DNA?
A
Guanine
14
Q
What is a difference between the sense and antisense strand of DNA?
A
Nucleotides are linked to the antisense strand by hydrogen bonding during transcription, but not to the sense strand
15
Q
In the structure of a DNA what binds with cytosine?
A
Deoxyribose
16
Q
The diagram below represents a DNA nucleotide. What part is labeled x?
A
Guanine
17
Q
What is a nucleosome?
A
Histone proteins and DNA
18
Q
What pyro muffins in DNA?
A
Types if bases
19
Q
What a the function if helicase?
A
It separates the DNA strands
20
Q
The diagram below represents an animal cell. Which processes occur in the locations labeled?
A
Transcription: I
Translation: II
respiration: IV
21
Q
The diagram below shows the bases on a short section of DNA during replication. Identify the sequence of bases on the new complementary strand labeled I in the diagram.
A
CTAG
22
Q
Which are the correct directions of the following processes?
A
All 5’ to 3’
23
Q
What is removed to form mature eukaryotic mRNA?
A
Introns
24
Where is the anticodon located?
tRNA
25
Which substrate is a base found in RNA?
Uracil
26
What enzyme is used in transcription but not in translation?
RNA polymerase
27
If mRNA has a codon CAU, what is the corresponding anticodon on the tRNA molecule?
GUA
28
What is a difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes determine gender and autosomes do not
29
What is a karyotype?
Chromosomes arranged in pairs according to their size and shape
30
What can be concluded about the following karyotype?
Female with downs
31
How does the X chromosome differ from the Y chromosome in humans?
Some genes on the X chromosome are absent from the Y chromosome
32
What is one role of the element phosphorus?
It forms part of the structure of nucleotides
33
What role does iron play in living organisms?
As a component of proteins
34
Which of the following substances are organic?
Lipids only
35
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur are elements found in living cells. Which of is the least common?
Sulphur
36
Which of the following features are correct for hydrogen bonding?
It is involved in the cohesion of water and it results in the thermal properties of water
37
What causes water to have a relatively high boiling point?
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
38
Which molecule is a mono saccharide?
Ribose
39
Which of the following terms correctly describes the molecule above?
Monosaccharide and glucose
40
Which of the following correctly describes the molecule below?
Monosaccharide and carbohydrate
41
Which molecule represents ribose?
D
42
Which is not a primary function of protein molecules?
Energy storage
43
Which structure represents an amino acid?
D
44
Which diagram correctly illustrates a dipeptide?
B
45
Which of the following reactions occurs when a dipeptide is formed from amino acids?
Condensation
46
Which is a structure of gycerol?
A
47
What determines the specificity of an enzyme for it's substrate?
The structure of the enzyme molecule
48
According to the induced fit model of enzyme function, which of the following statements is true?
The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the active site slightly
49
Which of the following could denature an enzyme?
High temperature
50
Which graph shows the relationship between the substrate concentration and the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?
B
51
Consider the metabolic pathway shown below. If there is end-product inhibition, which product would inhibit the enzyme?
Product: z
Enzyme: 1
52
The graph below shows enzyme activity plotted against temperature. What is happening at point I?
The enzyme is being denatured
53
Of the following products, which is produced by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Pyruvate and ATP
54
Which is not a product of the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate
55
What is the sequence of stages during the conversion of glucose into pyruvate in glycolysis?
Phosphorylation of sugar to lysis to oxidation
56
How many ATP molecules are produced (net yield) per molecule of glucose as a direct result of glycolysis?
2
57
Aerobic respiration involves conversion of glucose into pyruvate and conversion of pyruvate into co2 and water. Where do these processes occur?
Glucose to pyruvate: cytoplasm
| Other: mitochondria
58
What are the end products of aerobic cell respiration?
Water, co2 and ATP
59
Humans can respire aerobically and anaerobically. Which are products of both aerobic cell respiration and anaerobic cell respiration in humans?
Pyruvate and ATP
60
What is the net production if ATP per molecule of glucose during the fermentation of glucose to lactate?
2 molecules
61
Which to colors of light does chlorophyll absorb?
Red and blue
62
What would be the effect of increasing temp on the rate of photosynthesis?
Increases to a point then decreases
63
Which graph shows the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis?
B
64
Which combination measures the rate of photosynthesis?
Direct: oxygen production
Indirect: biomass increase
65
In the diagram of the chloroplast below where will the Calvin Cycle take place?
A
66
Which phase of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II?
I: anaphase
II: prophase
67
Which of the following processes takes place during interphase?
Respiration, active transport, protein synthesis, and replication of DNA
68
What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?
Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei
69
The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?
Tumor formation
70
A cell with a diploid number if 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. What will the product at the end of meiosis be?
4 cells each with 6 chromosomes
71
What is the usual cause of Down's syndrome?
Trisomy 21
72
The diagram below shows a cell undergoing meiosis. What is this stage of meiosis?
Anaphase I
73
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles
74
Which row correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2?
1: Xh Y
2: XH Xh
75
Which of the following blood group phenotype a always has a homozygous genotype?
O
76
What does the genotype XH Xh indicate?
Heterozygous female
77
If a purple flowers (Pp) and a white flowered pea plant (pp) are crossed, what will the offspring be?
1:1 ratio of purple and white flowers
78
If two pea plants with the genotypes YyRr and Yyrr are crossed what ratio is their offspring?
3: round yellow 1: rounf green 3: wrinkled yellow 1: wrinkled green
79
Which child is least likely to be the biological offspring of the father?
Child 2
80
DNA was obtained from a crime scene. Which technique would you use to determine the culprit?
Gel electrophoresis
81
What was the original goal if the human genome project?
To determine the nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes
82
There are many different views on ethics of reproductive cloning in humans. Which is a valid argument against cloning humans?
The life expectancy of children might be lower than normal
83
If the genes are far enough apart that crossing over between alleles occurs occasionally, which statement is true of gametes?
There will be approximately equal numbers of Ab and ab gametes
84
Which human trait shows a pattern of polygenic inheritance?
Skin color
85
What is a characteristic of xerophytes?
Large number of stomata
86
What causes movement of water through the xylem?
Evaporation of water from leaves
87
Fertilization, pollination, and seed dispersal all occur during the reproduction of a flowering plant. In what sequence do these processes occur?
Pollination, fertilization, swede dispersal
88
What treatment is most likely to lead to germination?
Soaking the seeds job a solution of gibberellins
89
Which direction does the phloem transport materials?
Up and down the plant all the time
90
Which process starts the germination of a starchy seed?
Absorption of water
91
Which phase of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II?
I: anaphase
II: prophase
92
Which of the following processes takes place during interphase?
Respiration, active transport, protein synthesis, and replication of DNA
93
What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?
Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei
94
The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?
Tumor formation
95
A cell with a diploid number if 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. What will the product at the end of meiosis be?
4 cells each with 6 chromosomes
96
What is the usual cause of Down's syndrome?
Trisomy 21
97
The diagram below shows a cell undergoing meiosis. What is this stage of meiosis?
Anaphase I
98
What are homologous chromosomes?
Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles
99
Which row correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2?
1: Xh Y
2: XH Xh
100
Which of the following blood group phenotype a always has a homozygous genotype?
O
101
What does the genotype XH Xh indicate?
Heterozygous female
102
If a purple flowers (Pp) and a white flowered pea plant (pp) are crossed, what will the offspring be?
1:1 ratio of purple and white flowers
103
If two pea plants with the genotypes YyRr and Yyrr are crossed what ratio is their offspring?
3: round yellow 1: rounf green 3: wrinkled yellow 1: wrinkled green
104
Which child is least likely to be the biological offspring of the father?
Child 2
105
DNA was obtained from a crime scene. Which technique would you use to determine the culprit?
Gel electrophoresis
106
What was the original goal if the human genome project?
To determine the nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes
107
There are many different views on ethics of reproductive cloning in humans. Which is a valid argument against cloning humans?
The life expectancy of children might be lower than normal
108
If the genes are far enough apart that crossing over between alleles occurs occasionally, which statement is true of gametes?
There will be approximately equal numbers of Ab and ab gametes
109
Which human trait shows a pattern of polygenic inheritance?
Skin color
110
What is a characteristic of xerophytes?
Large number of stomata
111
What causes movement of water through the xylem?
Evaporation of water from leaves
112
Fertilization, pollination, and seed dispersal all occur during the reproduction of a flowering plant. In what sequence do these processes occur?
Pollination, fertilization, swede dispersal
113
What treatment is most likely to lead to germination?
Soaking the seeds job a solution of gibberellins
114
Which direction does the phloem transport materials?
Up and down the plant all the time
115
Which process starts the germination of a starchy seed?
Absorption of water
