Final Semester 2 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Discuss the evolution of feudalism and how the system worked during the Middle Ages.
- Evolution-people need protection from riff raff and kingdoms too big to rule, so power is transferred to local noble men
- kings gave fiefs to lords, lords gave protection to serfs in exchange for work and military service.
What was a tithe?
10% tax for church
What was the 3-field system?
Plant 2 fields, let one fallow
What effects did the bubonic plague have on Europe?
Government halted, commerce ceased, trade was disrupted, religious beliefs altered, food production slowed, loss of labor force, loss of knowledge
Describe the code of chivalry during the Middle Ages.
complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of his lord, heavenly lord, and his lady
Originally proposed by the Christian church
What is the difference between gothic and Romanesque churches? Be able to draw them.
Romanesque- thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches (weight does down)
Gothic- thin walls, large, tall windows, pointed arches, sculptures, stained glass (weight goes to the side) (buttress)
What problems were facing the church on the eve of the reformation?
Secular thinking; corruption (simony, lay investure); Luther/indulgence; printing press spreads ideas
Who were some of the prominent reformers of this time period and what did they do?
Luther- 95 theses (Lutheran); Calvin- predestination (calvinism); Henry VIII- divorce (Anglican); st ignatius loyola- Jesuits
Identify the church practices that Martin Luther was most critical of and what did he do to change them? What ultimately happened to him?
He was against Indulgences, simony (selling church positions), lay investiture (kings appointed church officials), corruption
He he was excommunicated
Describe the crusades in as much detail as possible. (Who, what, when, where, why)
who- christians (pope urban II) (Richard the lion heart) and muslims (Saladin)
what- series of holy wars launched by christians to win back Jerusalem
when- 1095 (1000-1300)
where- jerusalem/ Europe
why- Byzantine empire (Constantinople) (Christians) needs help
What was the Renaissance a rebirth of?
education, secular ideas
Who were some the the famous Renaissance artists and what did they do?
da vinci- mona lisa, last supper
michealangelo- david, pieta, sistine chapel
raphael- school of athens
How did the Renaissance lead to the age of exploration?
full of ideas and desire to seek knowledge. (patrons help pay)
What were the three gās of of exploration?
Glory- for king and country
Gold- rise of mercantilism & joint-stock companies
God- spread Christianity
Describe the treaty of tordesillas.
Pope alexander says there is too much conflict. Split world in half. Gave Spain the west, and Portugal the east. Portugal gets all rights to southern and eastern routes to the new world, and Spain gets all routes to the west to get to the new world.
What was the triangle trade and which goods traveled between each leg of the trade?
system in which products were traded between europe, africa, and the americas. sugar, tobacco, and cotton to europe-> textiles and rum to africa->slaves to americas
What is a revolution?
Sudden, racial, or complete change. overthrow of government or social order in favor of a new system
Describe in detail the accomplishments made during the scientific revolution.
We are not at the center of the universe
Elliptical orbits
Laws of motion
Moon is not a perfect sphere
Choose any enlightenment or scientific revolution thinker. Describe in detail who they were and what they did. How did they contribute to the world we lived in today?
John Locke:
Believed in life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
Established the idea of rights and freedom
Contributed to the Declaration of Independence
What was the old regime?
3 estates system- 1- less than 1% clergy (no tax); 2: less than 2% nobles (little to no tax); 3- 97% of the pop. everyone else (bourgeoise)-> educated and good jobs (heavy tax)
Describe the estate system in France prior to the revolution.
3 estates,: clergy, nobles common people
1st estate: 97% of population
Who were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette?
king and queen of france, were extremely greedy and made many mistakes
What was the reign of terror?
period of extreme death caused by robspierre, head of commitee of public safety. used the quillotine to execute innocent people
What were napoleons three costly mistakes?
- Invasion of Russia 2. Invasion of Portugal 3. Continental system
