Final: Stress and Coping

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

An actual or alleged hazard to the balance of homeostasis

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The state of steady internal, physical, chemical, and social conditions maintained by living systems

Question 3

Stressors

Answer 3

The Force causing the stress

Physical, psychological, or social stimuli that can produce stress and endanger homeostasis

Can range in strength, scope, & duration

Question 4

Appraisal

Answer 4

How a person interprets the impact of the stressor

Personal Evaluation

Question 5

When does stress occur

Answer 5

When an individual considers the event as a threat and the ability to respond to the demands placed on the individual by the event to be overwhelming

Question 6

Trauma

Answer 6

When symptoms of stress persist beyond the duration of the stressor

Question 7

Eustress

Answer 7

-Positive stress
-Within coping ability
-Motivate
-Improve performance

Question 8

Distress

Answer 8

-Negative stress
-Outside of coping ability
-Anxiety/ concern
-decrease performance

Question 9

Acute stress

Answer 9

Stress experienced on a daily basis from minor situations
Ex. Running a few minutes late to work
Ex. Important meeting
Ex. Waking up for exam

Question 10

Chronic Stress

Answer 10

Stress experienced on an ongoing basis (typically >6 months)

Question 11

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 11

-Experiences or witnesses a traumatic event and respond with intense fear or helplessness
-Ex. Motor vehicle accident, natural disasters, violence

Question 12

Who is common to have PTSD

Answer 12

-Military Personal
-Veterans
-First Responders
-HCP

Question 13

Symptoms of PTSD

Answer 13

-Nightmares
-Flashbacks of event
-Recurrent & intrusive recollection of event
-Emotional detachment
-Anxiety and depression

Question 14

Secondary Traumatic Stress

Answer 14

-The trauma a person experiences from witnessing suffering of others
-A component of compassion fatigue

Question 14

Symptoms of Secondary traumatic stress

Answer 14

-Nightmares
-Anxiety
-Trouble sleeping
-Avoid Interactions

Question 15

Who is common to have Secondary traumatic stress?

Answer 15

HCP and First Responders

Question 16

Crisis

Answer 16

Occurs when coping mechanisms are ineffective and a change must be made
-“Turning point”

Question 16

Developmental Crisis (aka Maturational Crisis) with Examples

Answer 16

-Occurs when person moves through different stages of life
Ex. Stress of gaining independence, Marriage, and Kids

Question 17

Situational Crisis with Examples

Answer 17

External crisis, typically unexpected trauma
Ex. Car Crash, Medical Diagnosis, New Job

Question 18

Adventitious Crisis with Examples

Answer 18

Events of disaster
Occurs during a Major disaster, man-made disaster, crimes of violence
Ex. COVID, Wildfires, Tornadoes, 9-11

Question 19

Primary Appraisal

Answer 19

-Appraising the event in terms of its personal meaning
-Deciding if an event is beneficial or harmful
-Stress results when a person identifies an event or circumstance as a harm, loss, threat, or challenge

Question 20

Secondary Appraisal

Answer 20

-Concurrently happens with primary appraisal
-A person considers available resources and coping strategies
-Stress occurs if the demands placed on the person by the event exceed the ability to cope

Question 21

Coping

Answer 21

-Cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage a stressor
-Coping is unique for everyone
-Can be impacted by goals, beliefs, personal resources, cultural background, age, and types of stress experienced

Question 22

What affects how a person reacts to a stressor?

Answer 22

1. The Appraisal of Stressor
2. Social Support
3. Coping strategies
4. Previous Life experiences

Question 23

Situational Factors

Answer 23

Stressors in the workplace or adjusting to a new diagnosis

Question 24

Maturational Factors

Answer 24

-Stressors based on life stages -Ericksons Developmental Theory Ex. Milestones such as beginning a family and a career, losing parents, seeing children leave home, accepting physical aging

Question 24

Sociocultural Factors

Answer 24

Environmental, social, and cultural stressors Ex. Poverty, Physical Disability, social isolation,

Question 24

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 24

-A 3-stage reaction to stress (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion) -Triggered by a physical (direct) or psychological (indirect) event -Body is trying to return to allostasis (balance)

Question 25

The _______ initiates the General Adaptation Syndrome after encountering a physical demand

Answer 25

Pituitary Gland

Question 26

Alarm Stage of GAS

Answer 26

-CNS is aroused -Body defenses are mobilized -"Fight or Flight"

Question 27

Resistance Stage of GAS

Answer 27

-The body stabilizes and responds -Body is compensating for the changes that occurred during alarm stage -If stressor isn't alleviated in this stage will progress to Exhaustion stage

Question 28

Exhaustion Stage of GAS

Answer 28

-Continuous stress causes a breakdown of compensatory mechanisms -Can no longer adapt to the stressor

Question 29

What physiological problems come from the exhaustion stage?

Answer 29

-Sleep Problems -Chronic Hypertension -Chronic Fatigue -Autoimmune problems -Depression

Question 30

The stress response directly influences the

Answer 30

immune system -Increases susceptibility to infection -High blood pressure -Diabetes -Cancer

Question 31

Compassion Fatigue

Answer 31

A state of burnout and secondary traumatic stress resulting from physical and mental fatigue and exhaustion

Question 32

When does burnout occur?

Answer 32

When perceived demands outweigh perceived resources

Question 33

What are symptoms of compassion fatigue?

Answer 33

-Irritability -Restlessness -Inability to focus and engage with others

Question 34

Second victim syndrome

Answer 34

-When a medical error occurs that inflicts significant harm on a patient and the patients family -Can sustain complex psychological harm that can lead to detrimental outcomes such as suicide

Question 35

Symptoms of Second victim syndrome

Answer 35

-Similar to PTSD -Nightmares -Flashbacks of event -Recurrent & intrusive recollection of event -Emotional detachment -Anxiety and depression

Question 36

Assessment of stress and coping

Answer 36

-Sensitive topic -Establish trust nurse-client relationship -Seen alot in ER -Assess subjective findings -Assess objective findings -Consider the environment -Use open ended questions

Question 37

Assessment of stress and coping: Subjective

Answer 37

1. Stressors and clients perception of the event 2. Available situational supports 3. Methods of coping 4. Suicidality /homicidal thoughts

Question 38

Assessment of stress and coping: Objective

Answer 38

1. Appearance 2. Nonverbal Behavior

Question 39

Assessment of stress and coping: Environment

Answer 39

-Nonthreatening -Quiet -Feels safe -Comfortable -Sit at height of pt -Eye contact -Time -No interupptions

Question 40

Planning phase of stress and coping

Answer 40

-Set priorities and develop goals together with the client -State goal in term of client -Broad Goal to reduce problem or enhance strength -SMART goals -One behavior per objective

Question 41

Implementation phase of stress and coping

Answer 41

Put it into action Educate Interventions Stress management

Question 42

Evaluation phase of stress and coping

Answer 42

-Does the patient believe their stress has been reduced? -Empower the patient -Coping with stress takes time