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Final Study Flashcards

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1
Q

An induviduals characteristics are determined by what?

A

Factors that are passed from one parental generation of the next

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2
Q

What do alleles do so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

A

They segregate from each other so that each hamate only carries one gene. This happens during gamete formation

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3
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of heredity

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4
Q

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

A

Fertilization

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5
Q

Specific characteristic of an induvidual

A

Trait

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6
Q

Hybrid

A

Child of crosses between parents with different traits

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7
Q

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trip; factor that is passed to offspring

A

Gene

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8
Q

Allele

A

One of a number of different forms of a gene

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9
Q

Mendels second conclusion’ which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

A

Principle of dominance

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10
Q

Seperaton of alleles during gamete formation

A

Segregation

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11
Q

Sex cell

A

Gamete

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12
Q

What are Punnett squares used for?

A

They use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations inn genetic crosses.

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13
Q

What does the principle of independent assortment state?

A

That genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

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14
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

RR

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15
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

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16
Q

Physical characteristics of an organism,

A

Phenotype

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17
Q

Genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

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18
Q

Independent assortment

A

One of medals principals that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

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19
Q

Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. Mini jeans exist in several different forms and are there for said to have multiple alleles. Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes

A

.

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20
Q

Can environmental conditions affect gene expression influence genetically and determine traits?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

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22
Q

Co dominance

A

Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed

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23
Q

Situation in which a gene with more than two alleles is known as

A

Multiple alleles

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24
Q

Unlike mitosis, meiosis in mammals results in the formation of

A

Four haploid gametes

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25
A gene map shows...
The relative locations of jeans on a chromosome
26
What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?
It halves
27
What ratio did Mendel find in his F2 generation
3 : 1
28
What happens during telophase 2
Four haploid daughter cells are formed
29
What is recombination rate used for
To construct a gene map
30
What do you use to construct a gene map
Recombination rate
31
What happens during meiosis one
Alleles for the same trait are separated from each other
32
True or faults, crossing over occurs in meiosis
False
33
What is the min difference between haploid and diploid cells?
The number of chromosomes sets found in the nucleus.
34
If a cell has two complete and identical chromosome sets,is it haploid or diploid?
Diploid
35
A cells with only one chromosome set is...
Haploid
36
What clues did bacterial transformation yield about the gene?
By observing bacterial transformation, Avery and other scientists discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits genetic information about one generation of bacteria to the next
37
What role did bacterial viruses play in identifying genetic material?
Hershey and Chase and his experiment with bacterial phages confirmed Avery's results, convincing many scientists that DNA was the genetic material found in jeans, not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells
38
What is the role of DNA in heredity?
The DNA that makes up jeans must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell
39
What radioactive isotopes are used in the Hershey chase experiments?
Sulfer 35 and phosphorus 32
40
What was the significance of the radioactive isotopes of Hershey and chase chose?
Phosphorus is abundant in DNA, while sulfur is abundant in protein
41
What did Hershey and Chase's experiment confirm?
That DNA is the genetic material found in jeans
42
Avery's team repeated Griffiths experiment because they wanted to?
Determine which molecule in the heat kill the bacteria was the transforming factor
43
What are the chemical components of DNA
Deoxyribose nucleic acid DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands are chains by covalent bonds
44
What are nucleotides made of
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base
45
Name the four types of nitrogen bases
Adenine (a) thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) the order of these bases is what determines DNAs instructions or genetic code
46
What clues helped scientists solve the structure of DNA?
The clues in franklins X Ray pattern enabled Watson and crick to build a model that explained the specific structure and properties of DMA
47
What does the double helix model tell us about DNA.?
The double helix model explains chargaffs rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together
48
Explain anti parallel strands
One of the surprising aspects of the double helix model is that the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. In the language of biochemistry these strands are called anti parallel.
49
What holds holds the anti parallel DNA strands together?
Hydrogen bonds.
50
Watson and cricks model showed that s could create a nearly perfect fit between bases along the center of he molecule. However, these bonds would form only between certain base pairs. A with T And G with C These nearly perfect fit between these nucleotides is known as
BASE PAIRING
51
Nucleotides are joined to form the DNA chain by links between
Deoxyribose molecules and phosphate groups
52
What technique did Franklin use to study DNA?
X Ray diffraction
53
What is the process of copying DNA prior to cell division called?
Replication
54
What is the repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome called?
A telomere
55
What is a telomere
Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome
56
What role does DNA POLYMERASE play in copying DNA?
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA
57
Explain the replication process
Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called replication. This occurs late interphase of the cell cycle.
58
How does DNA replication differ in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Replication in most prokaryotic cells starts from a single point and proceeds in two directions until the entire chromosome is copied . And eukaryotic cells replication may begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied
59
DNA that results from replication consists of?
Two molecules that each contain one new strand of one original strand
60
The enzyme that joins induvidual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA is called?
DNA polymerase
61
Before a cell devides, it duplicates its DNA in a process called
Replication
62
Dna at the tips of chromosomes are known as?
Telomeres
63
And eukaryotes, DNA replicates at?
Dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule
64
What did Hershey and Chase's experiment with bacterial phages confirm?
That DNA was the genetic material found in jeans, not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells
65
The process by which one strain of bacterium is apparently changed into another strain is called
Transformation
66
Bacteriophages are..
Viruses
67
Which of the researchers used radioactive markets in experiments to show that DNA was the genetic material in cells?
Hereby and chase
68
In prokaryotes, the DNA is located where?
The cytoplasm
69
How does RNA differer from DNA
Three important differences. 1. ) sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose 2. ) RNA is single stranded not double stranded 3. ) RNA contains uracil in place or thymine
70
Three main types of RNA and their jobs?
Messenger RNA: carries copies of instuctuons to other parts of the cell Ribosomal RNA: proteins are assembled zones small organelles composed of two subunits. The subunits are made up of several ribosomal RNA molecules and as many as 80 different proteins Transfer RNA; whe a protein is build, a third type of RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by the coded messages in mRNA. These molecules are known as transfer RNA
71
How does the cell make RNA?
Most of the work of making RNA takes place during transcription. And transcription, segments of DNA Serbs as a template to produce the complementary RNA molecule's
72
In eukaryotes transcription occurs in the
Nucleus

Biology (6 decks)

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