Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Final Study > Flashcards

Final Study Flashcards

1
Q

An induviduals characteristics are determined by what?

A

Factors that are passed from one parental generation of the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do alleles do so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

A

They segregate from each other so that each hamate only carries one gene. This happens during gamete formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

A

Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Specific characteristic of an induvidual

A

Trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hybrid

A

Child of crosses between parents with different traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trip; factor that is passed to offspring

A

Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Allele

A

One of a number of different forms of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mendels second conclusion’ which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

A

Principle of dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Seperaton of alleles during gamete formation

A

Segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sex cell

A

Gamete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Punnett squares used for?

A

They use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations inn genetic crosses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the principle of independent assortment state?

A

That genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

RR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physical characteristics of an organism,

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genetic makeup of an organism

A

Genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Independent assortment

A

One of medals principals that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. Mini jeans exist in several different forms and are there for said to have multiple alleles. Many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Can environmental conditions affect gene expression influence genetically and determine traits?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Co dominance

A

Situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Situation in which a gene with more than two alleles is known as

A

Multiple alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Unlike mitosis, meiosis in mammals results in the formation of

A

Four haploid gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A gene map shows…

A

The relative locations of jeans on a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to the chromosome number during meiosis?

A

It halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What ratio did Mendel find in his F2 generation

A

3 : 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens during telophase 2

A

Four haploid daughter cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is recombination rate used for

A

To construct a gene map

30
Q

What do you use to construct a gene map

A

Recombination rate

31
Q

What happens during meiosis one

A

Alleles for the same trait are separated from each other

32
Q

True or faults, crossing over occurs in meiosis

A

False

33
Q

What is the min difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A

The number of chromosomes sets found in the nucleus.

34
Q

If a cell has two complete and identical chromosome sets,is it haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

35
Q

A cells with only one chromosome set is…

A

Haploid

36
Q

What clues did bacterial transformation yield about the gene?

A

By observing bacterial transformation, Avery and other scientists discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits genetic information about one generation of bacteria to the next

37
Q

What role did bacterial viruses play in identifying genetic material?

A

Hershey and Chase and his experiment with bacterial phages confirmed Avery’s results, convincing many scientists that DNA was the genetic material found in jeans, not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells

38
Q

What is the role of DNA in heredity?

A

The DNA that makes up jeans must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell

39
Q

What radioactive isotopes are used in the Hershey chase experiments?

A

Sulfer 35 and phosphorus 32

40
Q

What was the significance of the radioactive isotopes of Hershey and chase chose?

A

Phosphorus is abundant in DNA, while sulfur is abundant in protein

41
Q

What did Hershey and Chase’s experiment confirm?

A

That DNA is the genetic material found in jeans

42
Q

Avery’s team repeated Griffiths experiment because they wanted to?

A

Determine which molecule in the heat kill the bacteria was the transforming factor

43
Q

What are the chemical components of DNA

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands are chains by covalent bonds

44
Q

What are nucleotides made of

A

Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base

45
Q

Name the four types of nitrogen bases

A

Adenine (a) thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) the order of these bases is what determines DNAs instructions or genetic code

46
Q

What clues helped scientists solve the structure of DNA?

A

The clues in franklins X Ray pattern enabled Watson and crick to build a model that explained the specific structure and properties of DMA

47
Q

What does the double helix model tell us about DNA.?

A

The double helix model explains chargaffs rule of base pairing and how the two strands of DNA are held together

48
Q

Explain anti parallel strands

A

One of the surprising aspects of the double helix model is that the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. In the language of biochemistry these strands are called anti parallel.

49
Q

What holds holds the anti parallel DNA strands together?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

50
Q

Watson and cricks model showed that s could create a nearly perfect fit between bases along the center of he molecule. However, these bonds would form only between certain base pairs.

A with T
And
G with C

These nearly perfect fit between these nucleotides is known as

A

BASE PAIRING

51
Q

Nucleotides are joined to form the DNA chain by links between

A

Deoxyribose molecules and phosphate groups

52
Q

What technique did Franklin use to study DNA?

A

X Ray diffraction

53
Q

What is the process of copying DNA prior to cell division called?

A

Replication

54
Q

What is the repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome called?

A

A telomere

55
Q

What is a telomere

A

Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

56
Q

What role does DNA POLYMERASE play in copying DNA?

A

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA

57
Q

Explain the replication process

A

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called replication. This occurs late interphase of the cell cycle.

58
Q

How does DNA replication differ in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Replication in most prokaryotic cells starts from a single point and proceeds in two directions until the entire chromosome is copied .

And eukaryotic cells replication may begin at dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule, proceeding in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied

59
Q

DNA that results from replication consists of?

A

Two molecules that each contain one new strand of one original strand

60
Q

The enzyme that joins induvidual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA is called?

A

DNA polymerase

61
Q

Before a cell devides, it duplicates its DNA in a process called

A

Replication

62
Q

Dna at the tips of chromosomes are known as?

A

Telomeres

63
Q

And eukaryotes, DNA replicates at?

A

Dozens or even hundreds of places on the DNA molecule

64
Q

What did Hershey and Chase’s experiment with bacterial phages confirm?

A

That DNA was the genetic material found in jeans, not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells

65
Q

The process by which one strain of bacterium is apparently changed into another strain is called

A

Transformation

66
Q

Bacteriophages are..

A

Viruses

67
Q

Which of the researchers used radioactive markets in experiments to show that DNA was the genetic material in cells?

A

Hereby and chase

68
Q

In prokaryotes, the DNA is located where?

A

The cytoplasm

69
Q

How does RNA differer from DNA

A

Three important differences.

  1. ) sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
  2. ) RNA is single stranded not double stranded
  3. ) RNA contains uracil in place or thymine
70
Q

Three main types of RNA and their jobs?

A

Messenger RNA: carries copies of instuctuons to other parts of the cell

Ribosomal RNA: proteins are assembled zones small organelles composed of two subunits. The subunits are made up of several ribosomal RNA molecules and as many as 80 different proteins

Transfer RNA; whe a protein is build, a third type of RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by the coded messages in mRNA. These molecules are known as transfer RNA

71
Q

How does the cell make RNA?

A

Most of the work of making RNA takes place during transcription.

And transcription, segments of DNA Serbs as a template to produce the complementary RNA molecule’s

72
Q

In eukaryotes transcription occurs in the

A

Nucleus

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions