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1
Q

Cell theory

A

Fundamental concept of biology that states that all living thaings are composed of cells.

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Thin flexible barrier hat surrounds all cells. Regulates what entered and leaves

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure that contains the cells genetic material in the form of DNA

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organism whose cells contain a nucleus

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Without a nucleus

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

In eukaryotic cells, all cellular contents outside of nucleus. In prokaryotes, all of the cells contents.

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7
Q

Organelle

A

Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell.

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8
Q

Vacuole

A

Cell organalle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Cell organalle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrate, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of he cell.

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell it’s shape and internal organization and is involved in movement.

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11
Q

Centriole

A

Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division.

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Cell organelle condition of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis.

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of he cell membrane are assembled.

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell.

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15
Q

CHLOROPLAST

A

Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

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16
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Cell organalle that converts th chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

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17
Q

Cell wall

A

Strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells.

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18
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings.

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19
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot also called a semi permeable membrane

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20
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

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21
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of materials across a concentration difference is known as active transport. active transport requires energy

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

Process by which particles tend to move from an area where there are more concentrated to an area where there are less concentrated.

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23
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels.

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24
Q

Aquaporin

A

Water channel protein in a cell.

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25
What is osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
26
Iso tonic
When the concentration of two solutions is the same
27
Hypertonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solute's.
28
Hypotonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solute is the hypertonic concentration.
29
Osmotic pressure
Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
30
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell by means of enfolding's, or pockets, of the cell membrane.
31
Exocytosis
Exocytosis: many cells also release large amounts of material, a process known as endocytosis. During endocytosis, the membrane of the back your surrounding material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell. The removal of water by means of a contractile vacuole is one example of this kind of active transport
32
Both endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of:
Active transport
33
If a more concentrated salt solution is on one side of the membrane, and a less concentrated solution is on the other side, water molecules tend to pass through the membrane from
From the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution
34
Osmosis is a form of
Facilitated diffusion
35
How do individual cells maintain homeostasis
To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to movement, transform energy, and reproduce.
36
How do the cells of a multicellular organism work together to maintain homeostasis?
The cells of a multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis.
37
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
38
Tissue
Group of similar cells that perform a particular function
39
Organ
And organize a group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
40
Organ system
Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
41
What is a receptor
On or in a cell, a specific protein to who's shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone.
42
And example of an organ system is
The digestive tract
43
The connections between neighboring cells that uses cellular communication are called
Cellular junctions
44
For a cell to respond to a chemical signal during cellular communication, it must have on its surface a
Receptor to which the signaling molecule can bind
45
Give some examples to which materials vacuoles would store
Deculus store materials like water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates
46
What are proteins assembled on
Ryba zones
47
Explain in detail what chloroplasts do you
Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and converted into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
48
Passive transport is the movement of materials across the cell membrane without cellular energy, what is active transport?
Active transport is the movement of materials against a concentration difference it requires energy.
49
What is a nucleolus
A small Dence region where the assembly of ribosomes begin
50
A process which always involves the movement of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell
Exocytosis
51
Why is ATP useful to cells?
ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking in reforming the bonds between it's phosphate groups
52
What is ATP composed of (importance)
1. ) Adenine 2. ) Ribose 3. ) 3 phosphate groups
53
What happens during the process of photosynthesis?
In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the energy from of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of the carbohydrates.
54
What is ATP?
Compound used by cells to store and release energy
55
What is a hetero trough
An organism that obtains food by consuming other living things also called consumer
56
What is an auto trough
An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds, also called the producer
57
What is photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other auto troughs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
58
What is the difference between ATP and ADP
ATP has three phosphate groups, while ADP has two. You can remember this because the tea in ATP stands for triple, while the D in ADP stands for double
59
What happens when ATP is converted to ADP
Energy is released!!!
60
One way cells use energy provided by ATP is to
Carry out active transport (obvious)
61
Roll the pigments play in the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments
62
What are electron carrier molecules?
And electron carrier is a compound that can except a pair of high-energy electrons, and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.
63
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
What is synthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into a high-energy sugars and oxygen (products)
64
What is a pigment
Light absorbing molecules used by plants together the suns energy
65
What is chlorophyll
Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms
66
The thylakoid
Saclike photosynthetic membranes, found in chloroplasts
67
What is the stroma?
Fluid portion of the chloroplast: outside of the thylakoids
68
NADP+
Carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
69
Light dependent reactions
Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
70
Light independent reactions
Set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light: energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar: also used in the Calvin cycle
71
Where is chlorophyll molecules located
Tylakoid membranes
72
What is synthesis takes place inside organelles called
Chloroplasts
73
What happens during light independent reactions
The light dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP plus into energy carriers ATP and NADPH
74
What factors affect photosynthesis
Temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water
75
Photosystem
Cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids
76
What is an electron transport chain?
Series of electron carrier proteins that shuffle high-energy electrons during ATP generating reactions
77
What is ATP synthase
Cluster of proteins that spend the cell membrane in the low hydrogen ions to pass through it
78
Is the Calvin cycle
Light independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
79
Photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used to make sugar is using
The Calvin cycle
80
What is the function of NADPH and ATP in the Calvin cycle?
They provide the energy required to build !!!high-energy sugars!!!
81
How do you CAM plants photosynthesize under bright, heart conditions without losing water
By stealing their leaves against water loss and the trapping carbon as organic acids
82
What is an electron carrier?
A compound that can except a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule
83
The light independent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert? And? Into the energy carriers? And?
ADP, NADP plus, ATP, NADPH
84
The light independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the
Calvin cycle
85
Where are proteins synthesized?
Inside the ribosomes

Biology (6 decks)

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