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Final sum Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between a Heterogeneous and a Homogeneous mixture?

A

Heterogeneous is a mixture where each individual part can be seen, while Homogeneous is a mixture where you cannot see the individual parts.

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2
Q

What is Manual separation?

A

A technique through visual observation to handpick and separate the heterogeneous mixture into different parts.

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3
Q

What is Magnetic separation?

A

It uses magnets to separate the iron and nickel parts.

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4
Q

What is Centrifugation?

A

It separates the mixture by spinning it, causing heavy parts to go to the bottom and light ones to the top.

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5
Q

What is Filtration?

A

It separates a mixture made of a solid and a liquid using a porous barrier called a filter.

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6
Q

What is Distillation?

A

It separates the mixture by boiling a liquid, followed by condensing the vapors back into a liquid.

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7
Q

What is Evaporation?

A

It separates the mixture by boiling/heating a liquid, turning it into a gas that is lost, while recovering the solid.

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8
Q

What is Crystallization?

A

It separates a mixture by creating crystals from a saturated homogeneous solution.

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9
Q

What is Chromatography?

A

It separates substances in a mixture by using the rate at which they move through or along a medium.

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10
Q

What happens to mud and water when centrifuged?

A

Mud goes to the bottom and water/styrofoam stays on top.

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11
Q

What happens to orange juice when centrifuged?

A

Pulp goes to the bottom and liquid remains on top.

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12
Q

Does a centrifuge separate materials that have been chemically bonded or physically bonded?

A

Physically bonded.

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13
Q

What is the primary factor determining which substance will evaporate first during distillation?

A

Boiling point.

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14
Q

What is the difference between an Exothermic and an Endothermic reaction?

A

Exothermic releases heat, while Endothermic absorbs heat.

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15
Q

What is acid rain?

A

Any form of precipitation with high levels of Nitric and Sulfuric Acids.

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16
Q

What is the main cause of anthropogenic acid rain?

A

The burning of fossil fuels, mainly oil and coal.

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17
Q

What two pollutants create acid rain?

A

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2).

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18
Q

What does the EPA stand for?

A

Environmental Protection Act.

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19
Q

What is the scientific name and chemical formula for vinegar?

A

Scientific name: Acetic Acid; Chemical formula: CH3COOH.

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20
Q

What is the common name of the green substance that forms on copper surfaces when mixed with vinegar?

A

Patina.

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21
Q

What is the difference between Copper Acetate and Copper Sulfate?

A

Copper Acetate is caused by acetic acid, while Copper Sulfate is caused by Sulfuric Acid.

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22
Q

What is the pH range for acid rain?

A

Around a pH of 4, which can range from 4.2 to 4.4.

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23
Q

What does the word ‘pH’ stand for?

A

Potential or Power of Hydrogen.

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24
Q

Where on the pH scale are acids located?

A

To the left of 7.

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25
What range of numbers represents acidic substances on the pH scale?
From 0 to 6.9.
26
What happens to the strength of an Acid or a Base as we move away from the center of the pH scale?
They become stronger.
27
Are all acids harmful? Give an example of a non-harmful acid.
No. Examples: Lemon juice, vinegar.
28
What is the main use of most Alkaline/Bases substances?
They are mainly used as household cleaners.
29
What is an Indicator in a chemical reaction?
Any substance that gives a visible sign, like a change in color.
30
What is the natural pigment that makes red cabbage look purple?
Anthocyanin.
31
What does it mean to neutralize a substance?
To add an opposite pH substance to balance the amount of hydrogen ions.
32
What is the main difference between an Acid and a Base?
An Acid has a greater concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+), while a Base has a greater concentration of Hydroxide ions (OH-).
33
What are the 5 levels of organization of living things?
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.
34
What happens when CO2 is blown into the Anthocyanin solution?
It turns acidic, changing the color from purple to pink ## Footnote CO2 reacts with H2O to form H2CO3, leading to acidity.
35
What are the 5 levels of organization of living things?
Cell → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organism
36
What is a cell?
The smallest, simplest structural unit of life
37
Mention 3 examples of human cells.
* Brain cells (neurons) * Fat cells * Muscle cells * Red blood cells * White blood cells * Skin cells * Cardiac cells * Plasma/platelets
38
What are tissues?
A group of cells that do the same thing and function as a unit
39
Mention 3 examples of human tissues.
* Connective tissues * Epithelial tissue * Nervous tissues * Muscle tissue
40
What are organs?
A group of tissues layered together that all do the same thing
41
Give 3 examples of human organs.
* Heart * Lungs * Brain * Kidney * Liver * Skin
42
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to perform the same function
43
Mention 3 examples of organ systems.
* Circulatory * Integumentary * Reproductive
44
What is an organism?
A living thing that can carry out all life processes and is the most complex level of organization
45
Mention 3 examples of organisms.
* Humans * Wild boar * Plants * Bacteria
46
True or False: The cell is the building block of all living things.
TRUE
47
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
To surround and protect the body and support the growth of skin, hair & nails
48
What are the major organs of the Integumentary system?
* Skin * Hair * Nails
49
What is the function of the Skeletal system?
Supporting the structure of the body helps with movement
50
What are the major organs of the Skeletal system?
* Bones
51
What is the function of the Muscular system?
To facilitate movement
52
What are the major organs of the Muscular system?
* Smooth muscles * Cardiac muscles * Skeletal muscles
53
What is the function of the Excretory system?
To remove liquid waste and filter our blood
54
What are the major organs of the Excretory system?
* Kidneys * Bladder * Ureters * Urethra
55
What is the function of the Reproductive system?
To produce offspring
56
What are the major organs of the Male Reproductive system?
* Testicles * Sperm Cells * Penis
57
What are the major organs of the Female Reproductive system?
* Uterus * Ovaries * Egg Cells * Vagina
58
What is the function of the Endocrine system?
Produces and controls hormonal activity, regulates growth
59
What are the major organs of the Endocrine system?
* Glands * Hypothalamus
60
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
To help us breathe by inhaling Oxygen and exhaling Carbon Dioxide
61
What are the major organs of the Respiratory system?
* Mouth * Nose * Lungs * Diaphragm * Pharynx * Larynx
62
What is the function of the Immune/Lymphatic system?
To protect us from foreign diseases
63
What are the major organs of the Immune system?
* Spleen * Lymph Nodes
64
What is the function of the Digestive system?
To break down food into absorbing the necessary nutrients and water
65
What are the major organs of the Digestive system?
* Stomach * Esophagus * Tongue * Salivary Glands * Small & Large Intestine * Anal Canal
66
What is the function of the Circulatory/Cardiovascular system?
To move blood around the body
67
What are the major organs of the Circulatory system?
* Heart * Arteries * Blood Vessels * Blood * Veins * Capillaries
68
What is the function of the Nervous system?
To send messages from the brain down the spine to the nerves
69
What are the major organs of the Nervous system?
* Brain * Spinal Cord * Nerves
70
How many chromosomes does each parent give to the baby?
23
71
How many total chromosomes does a baby have upon fertilization?
46
72
What two chromosomes determine if a baby is FEMALE?
XX
73
What two chromosomes determine if a baby is MALE?
XY
74
During the first five to six weeks of development, which chromosome is in charge of the development of the baby embryo?
X
75
What happens when the SRY gene in the Y chromosome gets activated after 6 weeks?
It restrains features of the X chromosome and activates male physiological traits
76
Why do males have nipples but not breasts?
The X chromosome causes nipples to grow, but the Y chromosome stops breast tissue growth
77
Give 3 examples of phenotype.
* Facial features * Eye color * Curly hair
78
What cells are part of your immune system and help fight infections?
White blood cells
79
Which organ removes excess water and salts from the body?
The Kidneys
80
Which blood cells distribute oxygen throughout the body?
The Red Blood Cells
81
What is the longest and strongest bone in the body called?
The Femur
82
Where are blood cells produced?
In the bone marrow that is inside bones
83
Why are all white blood cells portrayed as police officers in the movie Osmosis Jones?
Their job is to protect the body and fight off invaders

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