Science Mid-term Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What does the hydrologic Cycle explain?
A
Circulation of water in the atmosphere.
2
Q
What is the hydrosphere?
A
The total amount of water on a planet
3
Q
What % of water is in the ocean?
A
97%
4
Q
How much freshwater is in the ground that we can use?
A
.5%
5
Q
What are the 3 main processes that happen during the Hydrologic Cycle? Explain each 3.
A
Evaporation, When water heats up and goes into the air.
condensation, when the water that evaporated bundles together and makes clouds.
transpiration, when plants breathe out water through the leaves.
6
Q
What is the main source of energy that drives the Hydrologic Cycle?
A
The sun
7
Q
Once water returns to the Earth’s surface, what 3 paths can it take?
A
Runoff, underground, or evaporation.
8
Q
Why is the Hydrologic Cycle classified as a closed system?
A
Because the atmosphere stops any water from escaping the earth.
9
Q
Compared to the size of a common raindrop, what size is a drop of water inside a cloud?
A
Cloud-.02mm
Raindrop-2mm
10
Q
For water vapor to turn into clouds, it needs to stick to particles floating in the air called:
A
condensation nuclei.
11
Q
Name the six types of particles that can become nucleation centers for clouds to form.
A
- Dust Particles
- Sea salt particles
- soot particles
- Volcanic ash
- Organic compounds
- Biological particles
12
Q
What is the definition of an ATMOSPHERE?
A
A mixture of gasses that surround a planet.
13
Q
Mention 3 ways that our atmosphere protects us.
A
- It stops Space debris
- it stops air and water from escaping
- Protects us from radiation
14
Q
What are the 3 main types of clouds?
A
- Cumulus
- Stratus
- Cirrus
15
Q
Cumulus
A
Thick, fluffy clouds with flat bases, often white and scattered in fair weather.
16
Q
Stratus
A
Layered, uniform, gray clouds that cover the sky like a blanket and look like popcorn, often bringing drizzle.
17
Q
Cirrus
A
Thin, white, and streaky clouds found at high altitudes, made of ice crystals.
18
Q
These clouds are Layered, uniform, gray clouds that cover the sky like a blanket, often bringing drizzle. What cloud is it?
A
Stratus
19
Q
These clouds are thick, fluffy clouds with flat bases, often white and scattered in fair weather. What is it?
A
Cumulus
20
Q
These are thin, white, and streaky clouds found at high altitudes, made of ice crystals. What is it?
A
Cirrus
21
Q
What did scientists discover about the atmosphere that allowed them to separate it into 5 different layers?
A
Temperature, composition (gasses its made of), and pressure.
22
Q
What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?
A
Troposphere
23
Q
What is the second lowest layer of the atmosphere?
A
Stratosphere
24
Q
What is the middle layer of the atmosphere?
A
Mesosphere
25
What is the second highest layer of the atmosphere?
Thermosphere
26
What is the highest layer of the atmosphere?
Exosphere
27
Why is the troposphere also called the Biosphere?
B/c living things are in the tropo/bio sphere
28
What happens to temperature as we go higher in the Troposphere?
It gets much colder
29
Why is the Stratosphere hotter than the Troposphere?
Because there is more ozone which collects and traps light/heat
30
What layer of the atmosphere is the only one where you will find atmospheric phenomena such as rain, storms, hail, clouds…?
The troposphere/Biosphere
31
What is the importance of the Ozone Layer to life on Earth?
It stops the harmful UV rays from hitting earth
32
what layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer in?
Statosphere
33
Why do Meteorites burn as they go through the Mesosphere, but not in space?
B/c the gasses cause resistance and friction which causes heat.
34
How do Auroras form?
from sun flares that hit the atmosphere and the earth's magnetic field pushes the heat to the poles.
35
what layer are Auras in?
Thermosphere
36
What is the Ionosphere made of?
electrically charged gasses.
37
how much gas in the world is in the troposphere?
75%
38
how much gas in the world is in the stratosphere?
19%
39
how much gas in the world is in the mesosphere?
5.9%
40
how much gas in the world is in the Thermosphere?
.1%
41
how much gas in the world is in the exosphere?
0%
42
Why does the sky look blue when seen from Earth’s surface?
Because most bad UV light is blue or purple and as it bounces around in the ozone layer it makes the sky look blue.
43
By how many degrees is Earth’s axis of rotation tilted?
23.4%
44
What effect does the tilt of our planet have on Earth every 3 months as it travels around the sun?
It makes the part of the earth closest to the sun change making the parts of the earth further, colder.
45
What is a Climate Zone?
a zone with a certain climate compared to another.
46
How many climate zones are on Earth?
3
47
what are the climate zones on Earth names?
polar zone
temperate zone
tropical zone
48
What climate zone is known as the “Hurricane Nursery” and why?
The tropical zone because it has hot weather and warm water for storms such as hurricanes to grow.
49
When is the hurricane season in the Atlantic (Northern Hemisphere)?
June 1 - October 30
50
Why do hurricanes not form beyond latitude 30˚N and latitude 30˚S?
B/c it is not hot enough for proper evaporation so the huricane cannot form.
51
What are the Trade Winds and how do these winds affect the movement of hurricanes?
The trade winds are the winds going round the earth and hurricanes are moved around into the surculler shape by the trade winds.
52
What type of air weighs more: cold or hot, and why?
Cold because it's not vibrating long hot air so it is less spread out from the heat.
52
What is Atmospheric Pressure?
How much weight air places on one area.
53
What is a High-Pressure Zone?
A zone (probably cold) with higher pressure than its surroundings.
54
What is a Low-Pressure Zone?
An area most likely hot that has less pressure than its surroundings.
55
The dots represent air molecules inside a column of air. Where on the column should be a Low-Pressure Zone and where should be a High-Pressure Zone?
The bottom should be high pressure because the cold air is dense ad sinks while the top is low-pressure because eth air is hot and evaporating.
56
What type of atmospheric pressure is called anticyclones and why?
Areas with high pressure. it is called that because the air goes outward and downward the exact opposite of a cyclone.
57
is HOT AIR high pressure or low?
Low
58
THEY PREVENT THE FORMATION OF MAJOR WEATHER PHENOMENA is it high pressure or low?
High pressure
59
is COLD AIR high pressure or low?
High
60
REPRESENT CLEAR SUNNY WEATHER is it high pressure or low?
High
61
CREATES CLOUDS is it high pressure or low?
Low
62
CREATES EVAPORATION is it high pressure or low?
High
62
They are CALLED ANTICYCLONES is it high pressure or low?
High
63
THEY CREATE HURRICANES is it high pressure or low?
Low
64
THEY CREATE RAIN is it high pressure or low?
Low
65
REPRESENT CLOUDY RAINY WEATHER is it high pressure or low?
Low
66
To what temperature should the ocean heat up for a hurricane to start forming?
Over 82º
67
What is the difference in wind speed between a Storm and a Hurricane?
A tropical storm is below 39 mph but a hurricane is over 74 mph.
68
What speed can winds reach inside the Eyewall of a hurricane?
Up to 200mph.
69
Why does the eye of a hurricane collapse as it touches land?
B/c of the increased friction over land.
70
What 3 main factors do hurricanes need to form?
Warm water
Light uper level winds
Moist air
71
How do hurricanes rotate above the Equator (Northern Hemisphere) and how do they rotate below the Equator (Southern Hemisphere)?
North - counterclockwize
south - clockwize
72
What is the Coriolis Effect and how does it affect a hurricane’s spin?
The coriolus effect is when something is spinning in this case the earth it causes something that’s moving like a hurricane to spin.
73
Why is it very uncommon to have hurricanes during the first two months of the hurricane season: JUNE AND JULY?
B/c it's not hot enough
74
What months are the most active for hurricane formation AND WHY?
August - October b/c the weather is the best for a hrricane.
75
Name the 3 parts of a hurricane structure to the right.
the rainbands, the eye, and the eyewall
76
CATEGORY 2 speed
96 to 110 mph
77
CATEGORY 3 speed
111 to 130 mph
78
CATEGORY 4 speed
130-156 mph
79
CATEGORY 5 speed
157+ miles per hour
80
According to how a hurricane looks, is the center of the eye high or low pressure?
very low
81
What are cells?
Teh smallest thing that can live on its own and makes up all luving organisms.
82
step one of modern cll theory.
the cell is the smallest living unit of all organisms
83
step 2 of modern cll theory.
all living things are made of cells
84
step 3 of modern cll theory.
all cells come from pre-existing cells
85
Into what two major groups are all cells divided?
Eukariot and prokaryote
86
What are the two major differences between PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES?
Pro has no nucleus and MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELS
EU because they are what make you have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
87
Name ALL of the organisms that are classified as PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC.
pro-archaea, bacteria
eu- fungi, animals, protists, plants.
88
What are Organelles?
the parts inside a cell that have a function for the cell.
89
What organelles do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have in common?
plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA
90
The cell Membrane’s function is to:
to keep things in the cell and to let good things in and bad things out.
91
What does it mean that the cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane (Semipermeable)
it only lets certain things in or out.
92
What is Homeostasis?
Balance in the cell.
93
The function of the Cytoplasm is to:
make sure things don't mover around to fast and get damaged.
94
The function of the Cytoskeleton is to
keeps the cell in shape and internal organization.
95
The function of Ribosomes is:
making protein
96
Why are proteins important?
because it repairs and builds bone, muscle and it makes hormones and enzimes.
97
What are the functions of the Nucleus and the Nucleolus?
nucleus - controls the cell, and stores DNA.
nucleolus -to make ribosomes
98
The function of the Rough E.R. is to:
to produce and transport proteins (through the ribosomes)
99
Why is the Rough E.R. named the way it is?
Because it’s rough from the Ribosomes attached to it
100
What is a vesicle and what is it used for by the Rough E.R.?
are small sacs the rough E.R uses to SEND MATERIALS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE CELL
101
The function of the Smooth E.R. is to:
To DO THE DETOXIFICATION inside the cell to create LIPIDS (GOOD FATS)
102
Why is the SMOOTH E.R. named the way it is?
because it doesn't have RIBOSOMES attached to it.
103
The function of the Golgi Apparatus is to
receives MATERIALS FROM THE E.R vesicles,
sort them
SEND THEM to where the cell needs it.
104
The function of the Mitochondria is to
To produce: A.T.P (adenosine triphosphate) ENERGY through a process called CELL Respiration
105
What is the name of the molecule that stores energy in the Mitochondria?
ATP
106
The function of Chloroplasts in the PLANT cell is to:
to make _THEIR OWN FOOD (A DUGER CALLED GLUCOSE)_ by using LIGHT ENREGY.
107
What is the name of the process Chloroplasts do to create energy?
Photosynthesis.
108
The function of the Vacuole is to:
To store water
109
The function of the Cell wall in the PLANT cell is to:
give extra protection
110
The function of Lysosomes is to:
They break: down certain excess or worn out cell parts.
they may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
111
Even though most drawings depict the eukaryotic animal cells as round, why is that inaccurate?
because they change shapes.
112
Why would a cell die if the Nucleus is lost or damaged beyond repair?
because it wont have instructions on what to do.
113
Why is it important for the eukaryotic cell to have a flexible bilayer membrane?
so things can come in and out if needed.
114
Why is it important for the cell to have balance (homeostasis) between what comes in and out of the cell?
so the cell can stay alive by having the right things.
115
What does it mean that the cell membrane has a Hydrophilic section?
it has a section that likes water.
116
What does it mean that the cell membrane has a Hydrophobic section?
it doesn't like water
117
Vinegar is made of 96% water while an egg is 90% water. Use the definition of osmosis to explain why the egg swells when placed in vinegar.
osmosis makes the water from the viniger go in the gg so it's balenced.
118
What does it mean that the cell membrane is a Semipermeable Lipid Bi-Layer?
it only lets certain things in or out when needed.
119
Once the eggshell is dissolved in the vinegar, what part of the egg is exposed?
the outer membrane.
120
What is the definition of Osmosis?
when water goes in a diff section so its ballenced.
121
Corn Syrup is made of 45% water while the swollen egg from the vinegar now contains 100% water. Use the definition of osmosis to explain why the egg shrinks when placed in corn syrup.
the water from the egg goes in the cornsyrope do to osmosis making it balenced.
122
At the end of this lab, what evidence can you mention that is proof that the egg membranes are semipermeable?
it didnt let the viniger in only the water and it only let the food coloring with water in but not the other stuff.
123
What is the scientific definition of Matter?
anything that has mass and takes up space and has enertia
124
Mention the 4 states of matter found in nature.
solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
124
What is the definition of Inertia?
something that moves when energy is applied.
125
in order for something to become less solid what needs to be added?
heat
126
What state of matter has an electrical charge running through it?
plasma
127
What state of matter has all its molecules neatly arranged in a specific order?
solid
128
In what state of matter do the molecules occupy the largest area?
gas.
129
What states of matter need a container to hold its shape?
liquid
130
What natural event in nature is responsible for creating PLASMA on planet Earth?
lightning
131
What does the “Law of Conservation of Matter” say?
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
132
What is the difference between a scientific Hypothesis, a Theory, and a Law?
H - educated guess
T - a tested explanation based on alot of evidence.
L - a descripr=tion of a consistent pattern, something that is true.
133
What is the definition of a Property of matter?
a charechteristic that does not change no matter how much you have.
134
What is the difference between a Physical change and a Chemical change? DO NOT write the definition, but the difference between each other.
a physical change can be put back to its original state but a chemical change cannot.
135
Why is breaking noodles a physical property?
b/c there still noodles.
136
What is an easy way to determine if a chemical or physical reaction takes place?
if there is bubling or a heat difference.
137
What happens to chemical bonds during a physical reaction?
they stay the same
138
Mention 3 examples of physical changes.
Breaking pasta
Cutting paper
Trimming a tree
139
What happens to chemical bonds during a chemical reaction?
they change and make new bonds
140
Mention the 5 indicators of a chemical reaction.
Temp
Color
Bubbles
Smell
precipitate formation
141
Mention if the following reactions are chemical or physical according to what happens:
Alka-Seltzer + water produces gas, fizzes, and the temperature drops.
ch
142
Mention if the following reactions are chemical or physical according to what happens:
When acetone is added to a piece of foam the foam shrinks and turns smooth.
ph
143
Mention if the following reactions are chemical or physical according to what happens:
When you apply a heat source to a candle it burns and gives out light and ashes.
ch
144
Explain why the following examples are either chemical or physical reactions:
You cut a piece of paper into small pieces.
Ph b/b its still paper
145
Explain why the following examples are either chemical or physical reactions:
You find a nail on the ground in the parking lot in a small puddle of water. Rust has formed on the outside of the nail.
vh b/c its changing form and other elements are bonding to it making it have a dif color
146
is burning magnesium ribon ch or ph
ch b/c it make small explosions
147
What is a chemical equation?
an equation showing a chemichal reaction
148
In a chemical equation, what do we call all the chemicals that are written before the arrow?
Reactents
149
In a chemical equation, how do we call all the chemicals that are written after the arrow?
products
150
What does the arrow indicate in a chemical equation?
the direction of the equation.
151
What is an element, a molecule, and a compound?
E, a single element on the periodic table not mixed together
M, 2 or more of the same element
c, 2 or more of diff elements
152
What does the “Kinetic Molecular Theory” state?
That all matter is made of particles that are always moving.
153
What is “Kinetic Energy”?
energy from motion
154
According to “Kinetic Molecular Theory, what happens to the energy of particles at different temperatures?
the hotter it is the faster they move
155
What effect does temperature have on how fast a reaction occurs?
the hotter it is the faster the reaction because it moves and mixes into your body faster.
156
Some medicines need to be taken with water in order to work. According to what you saw, if we need medicine to take effect sooner it is better to drink it using cold or room-temperature water. EXPLAIN
room temp b/c it mixes faster and enters your bloodstream faster.
157
What effect would have on the chemical reactions inside our body if our body temperature is lowered too much because of Hypothermia? EXPLAIN
they would slow causing u to stand still and shiver to heat u up and conserve energy
158
What effect would have on the chemical reactions inside our body if our body temperature increases too much because of a high FEVER? EXPLAIN
they would speed up making u feel weak
159
What is dry ice made of?
pressurised and cooled co2
160
What is sublimation in chemistry?
change in matter from solid to gas skipping liquid
161
Why is the process of sublimation that Dry Ice goes through a physical and NOT a chemical change?
b/c its still Co2
162
What happens to dry ice as it reacts with air?
it heats up and turns to gas
163
Why can you not say that dry ice evaporates?
b/c it was not liquid
