final terms

Question 1

Guerrilla Television

Answer 1

1971 manifesto by Michael Shamberg, argued that national identity was heavily influenced by TV and TV was controlled by a small group of corporate oligarchs - pushed for “passive video consumers” to become “active video producers” and for community-based Cable Access TV networks

Question 2

The Black Panther Party

Answer 2

civil rights group active in the 1960s that grew out of frustration with peaceful protests of the early 60s - armed Black men and printed a regular newspaper in the pursuit of freedom, equal opportunity, and an end to police brutality

Question 3

“Cable Television: A Signal for Change”

Answer 3

title of a 1972 Black Panther paper calling for the Black community to produce and distribute their own cable television, with the goals of raising community consciousness and informing the people

Question 4

Marshall McLuhan

Answer 4

Canadian communication theorist and author of “The Medium is the Massage,” which argued that the medium of communication is more important than the message itself - the book was highly influential for artists in the 60s and 70s

Question 5

The Raindance Corporation

Answer 5

Michael Shamberg, Frank Gillette, and Ira Schneider form this collective in 1970, publishing a journal called “Radical Software.” Shamberg argues that the relationship between television and viewer is symbiotic

Question 6

Top Value TV (TVTV)

Answer 6

group of video artists that traveled around in a van and attended political events throughout the 70s, with two major goals: disrupt the illusion that information from network TV is transparent, and to disrupt the illusion that people appearing on TV are natural rather than an artificial construction

Question 7

L’art informel

Answer 7

meaning “formless art,” this term coined by Jean Fautrier describes much of his art - the lack of form is a direct challenge to the Nazi’s Greco-Roman obsession with the ideal of the body

Question 8

Haute pate

Answer 8

meaning “high paint,” Jean Debuffet coined this term to describe his application of intentionally very thick and coarse paint, part of the L’art informel movement

Question 9

Artistry of the Mentally Ill

Answer 9

1922 book featuring art made by people with mental illnesses, written by psychiatrist Hans Prinzhorn - Jean Dubuffet was fascinated with and influenced by it

Question 10

Tachisme

Answer 10

France’s version of and response to American Abstract Expressionism, this style included artists such as Hans Hartung and Pierre Soulages

Question 11

Nouveau Realisme

Answer 11

manifesto written by Pierre Restany arguing that styles such as L’art informel, Tachisme, and Socialist Realism were not keeping up with French society - Yves Klein becomes the exemplar of Restany’s model for “new realism”

Question 12

Monotone symphony - Silence

Answer 12

1957 Yves Klein piece where a single note is played for 20 minutes, followed by 20 minutes of silence

Question 13

International Klein Blue (IKB)

Answer 13

Yves Klein’s “perfect color” - he patents this blue in 1960 and creates several subsequent works around it, including his exhibit “Proclamation of the Blue Epoch”

Question 14

The Void (Le Vide)

Answer 14

Yves Klein’s 1958 exhibit in which he entered the gallery and spent the 48 hours leading up to opening “impregnating the room with spiritual vibes” - then left it empty

Question 15

Mondo Cane

Answer 15

1962 Italian documentary film (A Dog’s Life, in English) featuring Yves Klein and his work - he thought it was a celebratory tribute, but it was actually making fun of him…he had a heart attack watching it at Cannes and died 2 days later

Question 16

Art-in-public Space

Answer 16

effort from the National Endowment of the Arts that aimed to educate the American public about modern art and beautify the urban environment (AKA Plop Art)

Question 17

Art-as-public Space

Answer 17

encourages more interaction around and within the artworks, people can sit on it for example

Question 18

Plop Art

Answer 18

critical term for Art-in-public space, referring to the works just being “plopped” down in strange places such as corporate plazas or outside office buildings with little opportunity for actual education

Question 19

Site Specificity

Answer 19

term referring to an artwork having an inherent relationship with its surrounding environment, discussed in relation to Richard Serra’s “Tilted Arc”

Question 20

“To remove the work is to destroy the work.”

Answer 20

speaking to the concept of site specificity, Richard Serra wrote this in response to calls to remove his “Tilted Arc” from the plaza it had been designed for

Question 21

Protests against Warren B. Kanders

Answer 21

Kanders, former vice chairman of the Whitney Museum, was eventually forced to step down from the board after 2019 protests around his involvement with a company that produced tear gas which was used against protestors across the country

Question 22

The Art Worker Coalition (AWC)

Answer 22

formed in 1970, this group wanted artists and the public to have more power in the running of art museums

Question 23

Art Strike

Answer 23

related to the AWC, this group (which Robert Morris was heavily involved with) pushed for artists to stop producing work until they had more leverage with museums

Question 24

Harlem on My Mind

Answer 24

controversial Met exhibit that was widely protested by the Black Emergency Cultural Coalition for failing to engage with Harlem’s art community and excluding Harlem artists

Question 25

Black Emergency Cultural Coalition (BECC)

Answer 25

group of African-American artists formed in 1969 in response to the Met’s “Harlem on My Mind” exhibit, which notably had excluded Black artists from Harlem

Question 26

“Inside the White Cube”

Answer 26

1976 Brian O’Doherty piece where he explores the role of the gallery as “white, ideal space” in defining and framing modern art

Question 27

Spiral

Answer 27

one of the first Black art collectives, formed in 1963 by Hale Woodruff - they famously spent many hours debating the “purpose” of Black art and never reached a consensus

Question 28

Corrective methodology

Answer 28

in contrast to the anthropological methodology, this approach aims to present the work and correct misrepresentations of Black artists to a mainstream audience, promoting the idea that artists are facilitators of social change

Question 29

Anthropological methodology

Answer 29

this approach is criticized for emphasizing the differences of racial Blackness from the “elevated” white norm, attempting to shift the museum’s public image by using Black artists without meaningful investment in their community