FINAL TEST Oceanography Flashcards

(80 cards)

1
Q

What are the four main groups of marine reptiles?

A

Saltwater crocodiles, sea snakes, marine lizards, and sea turtles

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2
Q

Which adaptation helps marine reptiles regulate salt levels in their bodies?

A

Salt glands

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3
Q

What is unique about the Australian Saltwater Crocodile compared to the American Saltwater Crocodile?

A

It is more aggressive and larger

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4
Q

How long can sea snakes hold their breath underwater?

A

2 hours

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5
Q

What is the only species of marine lizard?

A

Marine Iguana

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6
Q

What determines the sex of sea turtle hatchlings?

A

Nest temperature

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7
Q

Which sea turtle species is considered the most endangered?

A

Kemp’s Ridley

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8
Q

What is an “arribada” in relation to sea turtles?

A

A type of nesting behavior where turtles nest en masse

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9
Q

What is NOT a unique adaptation of birds?

A

Hollow bones

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10
Q

Which feature is NOT an adaptation of marine reptiles?

A

Warm-bloodedness

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11
Q

What is the primary threat to sea turtles today?

A

Human activities and pollution

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12
Q

How many eggs does a typical sea turtle lay in one nest?

A

75-100 eggs

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13
Q

What is the average survival rate of sea turtle hatchlings

A

1 in 1,000

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14
Q

Which sea turtle species is known for eating poisonous sponges?

A

Hawksbill Turtle

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15
Q

What is a “false crawl” in sea turtle behavior?

A

When a female comes ashore but leaves without laying eggs

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16
Q

How do penguins prevent heat loss?

A

Blubber

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17
Q

Which characteristic is unique to the Flatback Turtle?

A

It only nests in Australia

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18
Q

What is NOT true about penguin senses?

A

Excellent hearing

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19
Q

How do marine reptiles maintain their body temperature?

A

By basking in the sun

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20
Q

What adaptation helps sea snakes manage their heart rate while diving?

A

Bradycardia

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21
Q

What are the three main characteristics shared by all fish?

A

Gills, vertebrae, and aquatic habitat

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22
Q

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of hagfish?

A

They produce large amounts of slime

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23
Q

What distinguishes lampreys from other fish?

A

They are ectoparasites that feed on blood

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24
Q

Which feature is characteristic of bony fish (Osteichthyes)?

A

Presence of swim bladder

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25
What is the function of countercurrent flow in fish gills?
It allows up to 85% oxygen saturation
26
How do marine fish regulate their salt balance?
They actively pump salt out through their gills
27
What type of fish are Pacific salmon considered to be?
Iteroparous
28
Which adaptation allows fast-moving fish like tuna and marlin to swim efficiently?
Narrow caudal peduncle and sickle-shaped tail
29
What is the primary function of the lateral line system in fish?
Detecting movement
30
How do freshwater fish maintain osmotic balance?
They actively pump salt in through gills
31
What type of scales are most common in teleost fish?
Cycloid and ctenoid scales
32
What allows salmon to return to their birth stream?
Imprinted odor memory
33
What is the function of myomeres in fish?
Muscle power and control
34
Which group makes up approximately 96% of all living fish?
Teleosts
35
What is the primary function of the operculum?
Protecting and pumping water over gills
36
How do lungfish survive during drought conditions?
They form a protective cocoon
37
What type of reproduction is most common in bony fish?
External fertilization (oviparous)
38
Which adaptation helps fish maintain vertical position?
Dorsal fin
39
What is unique about coelacanth reproduction?
They give live birth
40
Which statement about modern fishing is accurate?
More boats are catching fewer fish
41
Which of the following best describes the diving reflex in marine mammals?
It is triggered by facial contact with cold water
42
What is the scientific name for the walrus family?
Odobenidae
43
Which characteristic is unique to baleen whales compared to toothed whales?
Two external blowholes
44
What is the main threat facing polar bears in their Arctic habitat?
Sea ice melt
45
Which species of baleen whale is NOT a rorqual?
Right whale
46
What distinguishes sea lions from true seals?
Visible external ears
47
Which adaptation helps sperm whales with echolocation?
Large fat deposits in the brain case
48
What is unique about manatee social structure?
Lack of social structure due to no predators
49
What feature do walruses and sea lions share?
Modified limbs to walk on land
50
What is the primary diet of sirenians?
Vegetation
51
What adaptation helps cetaceans dive effectively?
High hemoglobin content in blood
52
What is the purpose of a dolphin's signature whistle?
Individual identification
53
How do walruses use their tusks?
Multiple purposes including fighting and ice climbing
54
What characterizes the social structure of humpback whales?
Short-term associations
55
Which feature is unique to sea otters among marine mammals?
Tool use for feeding
56
What is the primary challenge in studying marine mammal vocalizations?
Different sound properties underwater
57
How do marine mammals maintain their body temperature?
Using blubber and other insulation
58
What adaptation helps marine mammals dive for extended periods?
Modified metabolism
59
What role do marine mammals play in their ecosystems?
Keystone species in food webs
59
Which threat most impacts manatees in Florida?
Food scarcity
60
What is ocean acidification primarily caused by?
Absorption of atmospheric CO2
61
Which of the following is a direct effect of ocean acidification on marine organisms?
Reduced ability to build calcium carbonate shells
62
What is the primary cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs)?
Excess nutrients from agricultural runoff
63
In the carbon cycle, what is a carbon reservoir?
A location where carbon is stored
64
Which species has been most prominent in the shark fin trade according to recent studies?
Blue shark
65
What is the Redfield ratio for nitrogen to phosphorus in marine systems?
16:1
66
How do coral reefs respond to increased ocean acidification?
Their skeletal structure weakens
67
Which method is most effective for containing oil spills?
Booms
68
What percentage of global CO2 emissions does the ocean absorb annually?
About 25%
69
What is eutrophication?
The increased supply of organic matter due to excess nutrients
70
How do shark populations affect marine ecosystems?
They maintain ecosystem balance as apex predators
71
Which of the following is NOT a major carbon reservoir?
Stratosphere
72
What is the primary impact of coral bleaching?
Loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae
73
In the context of marine ecosystems, what is a limiting factor?
The scarcest resource that controls growth
74
Which human activity has the greatest impact on marine ecosystems?
Burning of fossil fuels
75
What is the main purpose of coral restoration projects?
restore damaged reef ecosystems
76
How does ocean acidification affect the pH of seawater?
Makes it more acidic
77
What is the primary function of phytoplankton in marine ecosystems?
Producing oxygen through photosynthesis
78
Which solution has the greatest potential for reducing ocean acidification?
Reducing CO2 emissions
79
What is the relationship between coral polyps and zooxanthellae?
Symbiotic relationship