Final Theories Flashcards

Question

the protestant work ethic

Answer 1

assumption... human beings are not inherently driven to earn more & more money question... if humans are not inherently driven to make more money, why do we work so hard to make more money than we need? the argument... ideas of predestination created a level of moral anxiety amongst early protestants and calvinists, causing them to be hard working ascetics who sought to portray themselves as heaved bound. in turn, this protestant work ethic inundated capitalist economic life and serves as the foundation for our system of rewards in relation to the environment... this work ethic, now secularized, spins the treadmills of production and consumption faster and faster

Answer 2

the argument... technological advancements, such as the moldboard plough, worked in unison with the ideologies of christianity to promote the domination of humans over nature

Answer 3

emerged in response to... 1. the ways in which women and nature were marginalized in modern, patriarchal societies 2. the patriarchal values of environmental organizations the argument... the subjection of women and the domination of nature are connected and the oppression of one cannot be eliminated without also eliminating the oppression of the other premise... descartes separation of mind and body led to divided-self theory whereby human as biological (matter/body) is separate from and subordinate to human as rational (mind/thought) cultural ecofeminism 1. women have a biological connection to nature 2. the emancipation of nature and women comes through ending hierarchal structure of power based in patriarchy socialist ecofeminism 1. rejects idea that women have a greater connection to nature 2. the oppression of women and nature is a result of capitalist patriarchy 3. the emancipation of women and nature result through the reorganization of society to one based on sustainable development, not profit

Answer 4

the argument... to understand the relationship between women and nature we need to understand the historical and geographical conditions in which they exist how so... 1. recognize the material conditions of production, reproduction, and distribution and how these processes are gendered 2. recognize how these gendered relations mediate people's interaction with their environment and produce gendered environmental knowledges 3. recognize how environmental conflicts and environmental movements have come to have gendered components

Answer 5

examine how categories are constructed and stabilized within intellectual, political, and ecological projects gender categories are culturally created-- and subsequently stabilized-- through repeated acts that have the effect of congealing over time to produce the appearance of something as substantial, real, and natural

Answer 6

premise... need to see the world and think through problems in a derivative and development way biotic/first nature: Animals respond to nature and out of need for survival they change and adapt to their surroundings,more predictable, little frequency in how first nature has changed over time social/second nature: moves beyond first nature, less predictable, huge changes in societal organization in relatively short period of time •Second nature derived from biotic nature, where did history come along in relation to biology the separation between biotic and social nature occurred when social hierarchies developed History of nature and domination-- nature had no meaning in pre-literate society, nature as a separate entity only arose when hierarchy arose, natural domination arises when social domination arises ``` •Social Hierarchy and Domination-- moved from functional society to hierarchal society, shift from use value to other values -gender -lineage -age became hierarchal over time ``` why hierarchal? oTechnology – mold board plow- rearrangement of roles, hunter gather society → physicality of having to use plow, men entered into agricultural sphere, men grew to dominate more areas of life rather than separate roles oOld people also more involved in horticulture until it was taken over by men, elders councils created to protect their role oPopulation increases leading to greater interaction with groups of more diverse people markets, domination, and hierarchy •Ancient market—medium of exchange, modern market—med of profit •Need to see ecological problems as derivate of social problems, arose when social problems arose, and soc problems arose when hierarchies started to form blames hierarchies not capitalism

Answer 7

o Originally these things existed and they were egalitarian, preliterate people took care of families and elders o When society shifted to be more hierarchal, lineage became less equal, one lineage is better than another

Answer 8

o Different gender roles, everyone fulfilled necessary roles for everyone to exist—differentiation but not hierarchal o Patriarchy

Answer 9

o Before written language, elders were needed to tell stories of past and make sure people didn’t repeat mistakes of past, didn’t rule though o Elders made themselves important by creating councils when they couldn’t keep up with technology, Gerintocracies, elders councils, protect importance of elders

Answer 10

what is going on: a dual crisis 1. a hegemonic crisis attached to the neoliberal model of societal organization 2. crisis of the lounge duree of modernity dating back to colonialism a dual shift 1. an alterniative modernity: proposing an anti-neoliiberal development model 2. decolonization: seeking to transform the dominant worldview

Answer 11

the elite project: maintaining the neoliberal colonial project The MAS project: an alternative modernization 1. the state 2. domestic private investment 3. foreign investment 3. small business 5. peasant economy 6. indigenous econom the indigenous political cultural project: people mobilized as the municipality 1. deliberative assemblies 2. communal system and communal enterprises 3. cultural pluralism and interculturality

Final Theories Flashcards

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