Final topics Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
what are the Adrenal Gland hormones?
A
- aldosterone
- cortisone & cortisol
- androgens
- epi & Norepi…
2
Q
fx of Aldosterone
A
regulate mineral content of blood
effects kidneys to regulate water and electrolyte balance
3
Q
what is another name for a mineralcortiocoid
A
aldosterone
4
Q
whats another term for Glucocorticoids
A
Cortisone and Cortisol
5
Q
fx of cortisone/ cortisol
A
promote normal cell metabolism
break down fat/protein and convert it to glucose for energy
6
Q
hypersecretion of gluvovortioids
A
crushing syndrome
moon face buffalo hump
7
Q
hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids
A
excessive water and sodium levels
high BP
8
Q
fx of androgens
A
sex hormones
2ndary sex characteristics
9
Q
what role does Epi and Norepi play
A
responds to short term stress
10
Q
other name for anterior pituiatary
A
adenophypophysis
11
Q
other name for posterior pituitary
A
nuerohypophysis
12
Q
difference between ant and post pituitary
A
Ant- makes and releases hormones.
Post- releases hormones that were made in the hypothalamus
13
Q
what are the 2 hormones of the Posterior Pituiarty
A
Oxytocin and ADH
14
Q
fx of oxytocin
A
stim. powerful contraction of uterus
- milk let down
- cuddle hormons
15
Q
what does oxytocin target
A
uterus, breast, mammory glands.
16
Q
fx of ADH
A
inhibits urine production to reabsorb into blood
17
Q
what are the 6 hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
A
- thyroid-stimulating H
- prolactin
- Adreno Corticotropic
- growth hormone
- FSH
- LH
17
Q
what does ADH target
A
kidneys and blood vessels
18
Q
Fx og Growth Hormone
A
glucose sparing
growth of long bones and skeletal muscles
break down fat for energy
19
Q
fx of thyroid hormone
A
switch on genes
stim protein synthesis
increase BMR in most cells
20
Q
is the pancreas Endo or Exo
A
both!
21
Q
what does the pancreas release
A
pancreatic islets of langerhads
alpha and beta cell s
22
Q
what are the alpha cells
A
glucagon
23
Q
what are the beta cells
A
insulin
24
what is released when there is high blood glucose levels and what type of relationship is this
insulin is relased
antogonist
25
what is released when there are low blood glucose levels
glucagon is released
25
what is the most important calcium ion regulator hormone?
parathyroid hormone
26
what are the 3 types of granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
26
what does the parathyroid hormone do
- stim osteoclast to release Ca into blood
- stim kidneys to increase Ca reabsorption
- stim small intestine to reabsorb
27
what are the 2 types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
28
characteristics of Neutrophils
most abundant WBC
fine pinkish granules
avid phagocytes 4 infections
SEGMENTED NUCLEI
29
characteristics of Eosinphils
PHONE LIKE NUCLEUS
coarse lysosome rich granules
active in parasitic infections
30
characteristics of Basophils
rarest WBC
LARGE BLUE STAINING GRANULES
has histamine (inflammatory) and heparin (prevent blood clotting)
inflammatory response to allergies RXNS
30
characteristics of Lymphocytes
2nd most abundant RBC
LARGE PURPLE NUCLEI
Tcells bcells and natural killer cells
resite in lymphatic tissues
31
most to least abundant WBC
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
31
characteristics of monocytes
largest WBC
abundant cytoplasm
KIDNEY SHAPED
turn into macrophages in tissues
32
how is Hypoxemia regulated
- detected by the liver and kidneys
- Eryhtropeiten is released
- red bone marrow is stimulated
- accelerated erythropoiesis
- increase RBC & O2 transport
32
what hypoxemia
low blood O2
33
other name for RBC
Eryhtrocyte
34
fx of erythrocyte
RBC delivers oxygenated to the body
35
other name for WBC
Leukocytes
36
fx of leukocytes
crucial in body defense against disease
37
other name for platlets
thrombocytes
38
are platelets cell?
not cells!
39
what does the Tricupsid Valve
Separates right Atrium and right Ventricles
40
what does the Pulmonary Semilunar Valce separate
separates right ventricles from pulmonary trunk
41
what does the mitral Valve seperate
seperate left atrium from left ventriucles
42
when do the valves open
when the pressure behind valve is greater than in front
43
what does the aortic semilunar valve
separates left ventricle from the Aorta
44
when do valves close
when pressure in front is greater than pressure behind the valve
45
other name for right AV valve
tricuspid valve
46
other names for left AV valve
bicuspid and mitral valve
47
what are the semilunar valves
pulmonary SL valve and
Aortic SL valve
48
what is the sound of the first heart sound
Lub
49
what is the sound of the second heart sound
dub
50
when does the first heart sound happen
when the AV valves close;
when blood from the right atrium enters the right ventricle VIA right AV valve
51
When does the second heart sound happen
when the pulmonary SL valve close;
blood in the right AV valve enters SL valve to travel into pulmonary trunk. SL valve then closes, DUB
51
what is authorhtymicity
ability of cardiac muscle to generate its own AP
52
what is the majority of cardaic myocyte cells
myocardial contractile cells
99% of muscle cells
53
what initiates and propagates AP throughout the heart
myocardial conducting cells
53
what is the 1% of muscle cells
myocardial conducting cells
53
what are the parts of the Intrinsic Conduction in Order
SA node
AV node
Bundle of Hiss
AV branches
Purkinje Fibers
54
what is known as the Pace Maker of the heart
SA node
55
what does the SA node do
sets electrical signals to contractile cells to bump blood. sends to AV node
55
what happens at the AV node
after receiving signals from SA node there is a Delay present.
connect signal from atria to ventricles
sends signal to bundle of hiss
56
what happens at Bundle of Hiss
fast conducting fibers carry signal to septum. where it meets two conducting paths
Right and Left bundle branches
57
what happens at the bundle branches
fast conducting fibers that spread AP down septum, to apex, and up ventricular wall and eventually meet the Purkinje fibers
58
what is a EKG
record of the overall electrical activity of the entire heat over time
gives info about the rate and rhythm of heart beat
59
what happens at the Purkinje fibers
propagate AP to the contractile ventricular myocytes. from the bottom up
60
what caused the P wave
atrial depolarization initiated by the SA node
61
what caused the QRS complex
ventricular depolarization begins at the apex which starts QRS complex.
this also starts atrial repolarization
62
what is the t wave
ventricular repolarization begins at the apex causing t wave
62
what do the flat lines indicate in an EKG
when a process is complete or there is a day
63
what does the P-R segment signify
represents that atrial depolarization is complete along with the signal that is delayed at the AV node
64
what does a ventricular fibrillation look like
V-fib
scribbled EKG
64
what does diastole mean
relaxation
65
what does the S-T segment show
shows that ventricular depolarization is done
66
what does the T-P segment mean
that ventricular repolarization is done
67
how does a atrial fibrillation look like
A-Fib
high peaks on EKG
68
what does systole mean
contraction
69
what is EDV
end disastolic volume
- the MAXIUMUM amount of blood ventricles will contain during cardaic cycle
70
what is stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction
71
what is ESV
end-systolic volume
- the MINIMUM amount of blood a ventricle will contain
71
how do calculate Stroke volume
EDV - ESV = SV
72
what is ejection fraction
a fraction of EDV ejected each beat
73
how do find Ejection fraction
SV / EDV
74
what is the heart nestled in
the mediastinum
75
what is the fx of the heart
pump to propel blood to the body by expanding and contracting to change pressure
76
what is the heart protected by
the pericardium
77
what are the chambers of the heart
2 atrial chambers ( R & L )
2 ventricle chambers (R & L)
78
purpose of atria
upper chambers that serve as receiving chambers for blood
79
purpose of ventricles
lower chambers that pump blood to the lungs or body
80
what are the two circuits in the heart
pulmonary and systemic
81
what is the pulmonary circuit and what is returned
heart to lung
O2 is returend to heart
82
what is the systemic circuit and what is returned
hear to body
CO2 is returned to the heart
82
where is deoxygenated blood pumped into after flowing through body
right atrium
83
what delivers deoxy blood into the right atrium
the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
84
where does blood go to next after being in the right atrium and what valve does it use
blood travels to the right ventricle VIA the right AV valve
85
where does blood go to after being in the right ventricle and what valva does it use
blood travels to the pulmonary trunk next VIA pulmonary SL valve
86
what are the next steps after blood is received at the pulmonary trunk
deoxy blood travels into pulmonary arteries to the lungs and exits as Oxygenated blood via the pulmonary veins
86
what happens after blood is recived at Aorta
oxy blood is sent out to the body and later returned to right atrium as deoxy blood
87
after oxygented blood is recived at the left atrium where does it go to next and through what valve
oxy blood go to the left ventricle via left AV valva
87
where does go after being recieved in the left ventricle
after the oxy blood is sent to the Aorta via the Aortic SL valve
88
what is cardiac output
vol of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute
88
how do u calculate Cardiac Output (CO)
HR * SV
89
what are two extrinsic factors used to affect heart and blood vessels
SNS
PSNS
90
how does the SNS work to effect cardiac output
uses Epi and Norepi
Increase heart rate and blood pressure
91
how does the PSNS affect cardiac output
used acetylcholine
decreases Heart rate
92
what is blood pressure
measurement of force against artery walls
92
what are the two types of factors that can affect BP
Intrinsic: local metalbolies
extrinsic: hormones and ANS
93
what do local metabolites do
influences arterial radium to better maintain the metabolic needs of the tissue being supplied with blood
93
what do the baroreceptors do
detect pressure in aortic arch and carotid sinus
baroreceptors decrease SNS which leads to decreased HR
94
what do the chemoreceptors do
chemical receptors in Aortic and carotid bodies
increase SNS activity
leads to increased HR, BP
95
what is resistance
factor that slows blood flow
96
what is blood flow
the movement of blood through vessels/ tissues / or organs
96
what is change in pressure
pressure gradient
97
how do u find change in pressure
pressure in one part of the system minus pressure in second part of the system
97
how do u calculate blood flow
taking change in pressure and dividing it by resistance
98
what is blood viscosity
the more viscous blood is the more resistance to flow
99
sig of vessel radius
smaller radius = more resistance, less flow
bigger radius = less resistance. more flow
99
sig of vessel lenght
does not change variables
when we gain/lose weight we alter the length of vascular supply
