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BIO 202 > Final topics > Flashcards

Final topics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Adrenal Gland hormones?

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisone & cortisol
  • androgens
  • epi & Norepi…
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2
Q

fx of Aldosterone

A

regulate mineral content of blood
effects kidneys to regulate water and electrolyte balance

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3
Q

what is another name for a mineralcortiocoid

A

aldosterone

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4
Q

whats another term for Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisone and Cortisol

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5
Q

fx of cortisone/ cortisol

A

promote normal cell metabolism
break down fat/protein and convert it to glucose for energy

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6
Q

hypersecretion of gluvovortioids

A

crushing syndrome
moon face buffalo hump

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7
Q

hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids

A

excessive water and sodium levels
high BP

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8
Q

fx of androgens

A

sex hormones
2ndary sex characteristics

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9
Q

what role does Epi and Norepi play

A

responds to short term stress

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10
Q

other name for anterior pituiatary

A

adenophypophysis

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11
Q

other name for posterior pituitary

A

nuerohypophysis

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12
Q

difference between ant and post pituitary

A

Ant- makes and releases hormones.
Post- releases hormones that were made in the hypothalamus

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13
Q

what are the 2 hormones of the Posterior Pituiarty

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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14
Q

fx of oxytocin

A

stim. powerful contraction of uterus
- milk let down
- cuddle hormons

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15
Q

what does oxytocin target

A

uterus, breast, mammory glands.

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16
Q

fx of ADH

A

inhibits urine production to reabsorb into blood

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17
Q

what are the 6 hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

A
  • thyroid-stimulating H
  • prolactin
  • Adreno Corticotropic
  • growth hormone
  • FSH
  • LH
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17
Q

what does ADH target

A

kidneys and blood vessels

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18
Q

Fx og Growth Hormone

A

glucose sparing
growth of long bones and skeletal muscles
break down fat for energy

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19
Q

fx of thyroid hormone

A

switch on genes
stim protein synthesis
increase BMR in most cells

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20
Q

is the pancreas Endo or Exo

A

both!

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21
Q

what does the pancreas release

A

pancreatic islets of langerhads
alpha and beta cell s

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22
Q

what are the alpha cells

A

glucagon

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23
Q

what are the beta cells

A

insulin

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24
Q

what is released when there is high blood glucose levels and what type of relationship is this

A

insulin is relased
antogonist

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25
Q

what is released when there are low blood glucose levels

A

glucagon is released

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25
Q

what is the most important calcium ion regulator hormone?

A

parathyroid hormone

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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26
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do

A
  • stim osteoclast to release Ca into blood
  • stim kidneys to increase Ca reabsorption
  • stim small intestine to reabsorb
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27
Q

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

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28
Q

characteristics of Neutrophils

A

most abundant WBC
fine pinkish granules
avid phagocytes 4 infections
SEGMENTED NUCLEI

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29
Q

characteristics of Eosinphils

A

PHONE LIKE NUCLEUS
coarse lysosome rich granules
active in parasitic infections

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30
Q

characteristics of Basophils

A

rarest WBC
LARGE BLUE STAINING GRANULES
has histamine (inflammatory) and heparin (prevent blood clotting)
inflammatory response to allergies RXNS

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30
Q

characteristics of Lymphocytes

A

2nd most abundant RBC
LARGE PURPLE NUCLEI
Tcells bcells and natural killer cells
resite in lymphatic tissues

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31
Q

most to least abundant WBC

A

Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas

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31
Q

characteristics of monocytes

A

largest WBC
abundant cytoplasm
KIDNEY SHAPED
turn into macrophages in tissues

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32
Q

how is Hypoxemia regulated

A
  • detected by the liver and kidneys
  • Eryhtropeiten is released
  • red bone marrow is stimulated
  • accelerated erythropoiesis
  • increase RBC & O2 transport
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32
Q

what hypoxemia

A

low blood O2

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33
Q

other name for RBC

A

Eryhtrocyte

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34
Q

fx of erythrocyte

A

RBC delivers oxygenated to the body

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35
Q

other name for WBC

A

Leukocytes

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36
Q

fx of leukocytes

A

crucial in body defense against disease

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37
Q

other name for platlets

A

thrombocytes

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38
Q

are platelets cell?

A

not cells!

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39
Q

what does the Tricupsid Valve

A

Separates right Atrium and right Ventricles

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40
Q

what does the Pulmonary Semilunar Valce separate

A

separates right ventricles from pulmonary trunk

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41
Q

what does the mitral Valve seperate

A

seperate left atrium from left ventriucles

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42
Q

when do the valves open

A

when the pressure behind valve is greater than in front

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43
Q

what does the aortic semilunar valve

A

separates left ventricle from the Aorta

44
Q

when do valves close

A

when pressure in front is greater than pressure behind the valve

45
Q

other name for right AV valve

A

tricuspid valve

46
Q

other names for left AV valve

A

bicuspid and mitral valve

47
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

pulmonary SL valve and
Aortic SL valve

48
Q

what is the sound of the first heart sound

A

Lub

49
Q

what is the sound of the second heart sound

A

dub

50
Q

when does the first heart sound happen

A

when the AV valves close;

when blood from the right atrium enters the right ventricle VIA right AV valve

51
Q

When does the second heart sound happen

A

when the pulmonary SL valve close;

blood in the right AV valve enters SL valve to travel into pulmonary trunk. SL valve then closes, DUB

51
Q

what is authorhtymicity

A

ability of cardiac muscle to generate its own AP

52
Q

what is the majority of cardaic myocyte cells

A

myocardial contractile cells
99% of muscle cells

53
Q

what initiates and propagates AP throughout the heart

A

myocardial conducting cells

53
Q

what is the 1% of muscle cells

A

myocardial conducting cells

53
Q

what are the parts of the Intrinsic Conduction in Order

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of Hiss
AV branches
Purkinje Fibers

54
Q

what is known as the Pace Maker of the heart

A

SA node

55
Q

what does the SA node do

A

sets electrical signals to contractile cells to bump blood. sends to AV node

55
Q

what happens at the AV node

A

after receiving signals from SA node there is a Delay present.
connect signal from atria to ventricles
sends signal to bundle of hiss

56
Q

what happens at Bundle of Hiss

A

fast conducting fibers carry signal to septum. where it meets two conducting paths
Right and Left bundle branches

57
Q

what happens at the bundle branches

A

fast conducting fibers that spread AP down septum, to apex, and up ventricular wall and eventually meet the Purkinje fibers

58
Q

what is a EKG

A

record of the overall electrical activity of the entire heat over time
gives info about the rate and rhythm of heart beat

59
Q

what happens at the Purkinje fibers

A

propagate AP to the contractile ventricular myocytes. from the bottom up

60
Q

what caused the P wave

A

atrial depolarization initiated by the SA node

61
Q

what caused the QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization begins at the apex which starts QRS complex.

this also starts atrial repolarization

62
Q

what is the t wave

A

ventricular repolarization begins at the apex causing t wave

62
Q

what do the flat lines indicate in an EKG

A

when a process is complete or there is a day

63
Q

what does the P-R segment signify

A

represents that atrial depolarization is complete along with the signal that is delayed at the AV node

64
Q

what does a ventricular fibrillation look like

A

V-fib
scribbled EKG

64
Q

what does diastole mean

A

relaxation

65
Q

what does the S-T segment show

A

shows that ventricular depolarization is done

66
Q

what does the T-P segment mean

A

that ventricular repolarization is done

67
Q

how does a atrial fibrillation look like

A

A-Fib
high peaks on EKG

68
Q

what does systole mean

A

contraction

69
Q

what is EDV

A

end disastolic volume
- the MAXIUMUM amount of blood ventricles will contain during cardaic cycle

70
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction

71
Q

what is ESV

A

end-systolic volume
- the MINIMUM amount of blood a ventricle will contain

71
Q

how do calculate Stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV = SV

72
Q

what is ejection fraction

A

a fraction of EDV ejected each beat

73
Q

how do find Ejection fraction

A

SV / EDV

74
Q

what is the heart nestled in

A

the mediastinum

75
Q

what is the fx of the heart

A

pump to propel blood to the body by expanding and contracting to change pressure

76
Q

what is the heart protected by

A

the pericardium

77
Q

what are the chambers of the heart

A

2 atrial chambers ( R & L )
2 ventricle chambers (R & L)

78
Q

purpose of atria

A

upper chambers that serve as receiving chambers for blood

79
Q

purpose of ventricles

A

lower chambers that pump blood to the lungs or body

80
Q

what are the two circuits in the heart

A

pulmonary and systemic

81
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit and what is returned

A

heart to lung
O2 is returend to heart

82
Q

what is the systemic circuit and what is returned

A

hear to body
CO2 is returned to the heart

82
Q

where is deoxygenated blood pumped into after flowing through body

A

right atrium

83
Q

what delivers deoxy blood into the right atrium

A

the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

84
Q

where does blood go to next after being in the right atrium and what valve does it use

A

blood travels to the right ventricle VIA the right AV valve

85
Q

where does blood go to after being in the right ventricle and what valva does it use

A

blood travels to the pulmonary trunk next VIA pulmonary SL valve

86
Q

what are the next steps after blood is received at the pulmonary trunk

A

deoxy blood travels into pulmonary arteries to the lungs and exits as Oxygenated blood via the pulmonary veins

86
Q

what happens after blood is recived at Aorta

A

oxy blood is sent out to the body and later returned to right atrium as deoxy blood

87
Q

after oxygented blood is recived at the left atrium where does it go to next and through what valve

A

oxy blood go to the left ventricle via left AV valva

87
Q

where does go after being recieved in the left ventricle

A

after the oxy blood is sent to the Aorta via the Aortic SL valve

88
Q

what is cardiac output

A

vol of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute

88
Q

how do u calculate Cardiac Output (CO)

A

HR * SV

89
Q

what are two extrinsic factors used to affect heart and blood vessels

A

SNS
PSNS

90
Q

how does the SNS work to effect cardiac output

A

uses Epi and Norepi
Increase heart rate and blood pressure

91
Q

how does the PSNS affect cardiac output

A

used acetylcholine
decreases Heart rate

92
Q

what is blood pressure

A

measurement of force against artery walls

92
Q

what are the two types of factors that can affect BP

A

Intrinsic: local metalbolies
extrinsic: hormones and ANS

93
Q

what do local metabolites do

A

influences arterial radium to better maintain the metabolic needs of the tissue being supplied with blood

93
Q

what do the baroreceptors do

A

detect pressure in aortic arch and carotid sinus
baroreceptors decrease SNS which leads to decreased HR

94
Q

what do the chemoreceptors do

A

chemical receptors in Aortic and carotid bodies
increase SNS activity
leads to increased HR, BP

95
Q

what is resistance

A

factor that slows blood flow

96
Q

what is blood flow

A

the movement of blood through vessels/ tissues / or organs

96
Q

what is change in pressure

A

pressure gradient

97
Q

how do u find change in pressure

A

pressure in one part of the system minus pressure in second part of the system

97
Q

how do u calculate blood flow

A

taking change in pressure and dividing it by resistance

98
Q

what is blood viscosity

A

the more viscous blood is the more resistance to flow

99
Q

sig of vessel radius

A

smaller radius = more resistance, less flow
bigger radius = less resistance. more flow

99
Q

sig of vessel lenght

A

does not change variables
when we gain/lose weight we alter the length of vascular supply

BIO 202 (6 decks)

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