The Urinary system Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Micturate
A
pee
2
Q
Urinary system structures
A
- kidneys
- utterer
- urinary bladder
- urethra
3
Q
Functions of Urinary system
A
- filters blood
- forms urine
- regulate blood vol. and press.
- waste product management
- modulates electrolytes and pH
- temporarily stores urine in the bladder
4
Q
Is the kidney a vital organ
A
yes
5
Q
what protects the kidneys
A
the skeletal system
6
Q
Location of kidneys
A
tucked under lower ribs and wrapped in fat capsule
7
Q
what does located retroperitoneal meal
A
its is behind the peritoneal cavity
8
Q
which kidney is lower than the other
A
right kidney is lower than left
9
Q
What is in between the kindeys
A
the vertebrae
10
Q
why is the right kidney lower?
A
due to the liver also being on the right side of the body as well
11
Q
the kindeys are ____ to posas major and ______ portiion of the dipahram
A
Anterior. Posterior
12
Q
what shape are the kidneys
A
bean shapped
13
Q
are the kindeys are _____ convex
A
laterally
13
Q
what is the medial indentation called
A
the Renal Hilium
14
Q
what the is the Renal Hilium
A
entry and exit points for
- uterers
- renal blood vessels
- nerves
15
Q
what catches the urine that is formerd
A
minor calyx
16
Q
where is urine formed
A
in the cortex and medulla
17
Q
where does the major calyx dump urine into
A
the utterer
18
Q
what region is urine formed in
A
outer region
19
Q
what region is urine collected in
A
inner region
20
Q
where does the urine leave thru
A
the uterer
21
Q
where does unfiltered blood enter from
A
renal artery
22
Q
what does blood turn into after filtration
A
filtered blood and urine
23
Q
where does filtered blood leave thru
A
renal vein
24
what is the key vasculature structure that is involved in filtering blood to make it into urine
AA, glomeruroues , EE and Pertiular capillaries and vesa recta
25
what is known as the work horses for urine production
the nephrons
26
what is the functional unit of the kidneys
the nephrons
27
f(x) of nephron
to produce urine from filtered blood
28
about how many nephrons per kindey
1 million
29
what are the 2 types of nephrons
- cortical
- Juxtamedullary
30
what wraps around the nephron loop
peritubular capillaries
31
what does each nephron have
a glomerulus
32
what happens at the glomerulus
capillary filtration
33
what happens at the nephron tubule
collects, secrets, and conducts urine
34
what does the nephron compose of
- renal corpuscle
- nephron tubule
35
what does the renal corpuscles have
- glomerulus
- glomerulues capsule
36
other name for glomerulus capsule
Bowmans capsule
37
what does the nephron tubules have
- PCT
- Loop of henley ( Acn. Dec)
- DCT
- collecting duct
38
what are the 3 major renal processes
- glomerulus filtration
- tubuluar reabsorption
- tubuluar secretion
39
is glomerulur filtrations specific or non
non specific
40
what does the tubular reabsorption do
specific process, only the good stuff. solutes and water
41
job of tubular secretion
any additional products that body wants to get rid off gets peed out
42
Nephron parts in order
- Aff and Eff arteriole
- Glomerulus
- Glomerular capsule
- PCT
- Descending limb
- Ascending limb
- DCT
- Collecting tube
43
what part makes filtrate concentrated
Descending limb
44
what parts makes filtrate less concentrated
Ascending limb
45
Role of PCT
responsible for the reabsorption of
water, ions, sugars, amino acids
46
role of desedning loop
absorbs water but not ions
47
role of ascending loop
absorbs ions but not water
48
role of DCT
responsible for selective secretion and fine-tune reabsorption
49
Role of collecting dut
last chance for water reasorption
50
Urinary accessory organs
- Ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- urethra
51
Characteristics of Ureters
2 slender tubes
10-12 inches long
52
fx on ureter
passage way to carry urine from kidney to urinary bladder
53
what is the the active process that the ureters use
peristalsis
54
Characteristics of urinary bladder
smooth, collapsable muscular sac that temporarily stores urine
55
what tissue lines bladder
transitional epi tissue
56
how much ml can a full bladder hold
500mL
57
what is the trigone
the triangular region between uretic orifices and the urethra opening
58
what is the clinical importance of the trigone
infections persist here
59
why are UTIs more common in women than men
women have a smaller urethra
60
Characteristics of Urethra
thin-walled tube carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body.
61
what dose the involuntary sphincter do
keeps the urethra closed when urine is not passing thru external spinchter
62
what does the voluntary spinchter do
skeletal muscle.
63
Characteristics of urethra in men
- carries urine and sperm
- 8in long
64
what are the 3 regions of the male urethra
prostatic
membranous
spongy
65
Characteristics of urethra in women
- 1.5 inches long
- only carries urine
- no reproductive function
66
structures that support filtration
glomerulus
glomerulus capsule
67
glomerular capillare are ______
fenestrated
68
what do fenestrations aid in
makes capillaries 100-400 times more permeable to water and solutes
69
what is superficial to the glom. capillaries
glomerular basement
70
significance of glomerular basement
house Podocytes
71
what are podocytes
podocytes are cells of the visceral portion of the glomerular capsule.
offer additional barrier
72
items that pass thru the filter and become filtrate
water
electrolyte
glucose
amino acids
creatine
fatty acids
vitamins
urea
uric acid
73
items that get turned back from filtrate
blood cells
plasma proteins
large anions
74
net filtration pressure
overall pressure that determines filtration
75
how is NFP calculated
adding filtration pressure and subtracting the from the sum of re-absorbed pressure
76
what is outward pressure
filtration pressure
77
what is inward pressure
reabsorption pressure
78
GCR
glomeruluar force rate
79
what is GCR
volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys/ min
80
average GCR's
women 115ml
men 125ml
81
T/F most filtered water MUST be reabsorbed or we die
true
82
why does GFR change rarely
kidneys have a system that keeps an even stable rate
83
what are the 2 controls systems that regulate GFR
Intrinsic and extrinsic controls
84
What do intrinsic controls do
to maintain a stable GFR
85
parts of intrinsic controls
myogenic
tubuloglomerular
86
what do the extrinsic controls do
help maintain a systemic blood pressure
87
what are parts of the extrinis controls
neural
hormonal
88
why does myogenic mean
muscle origin
89
what is myogenic
the smooth muscle of Affernt arterole
90
how do myogenic controls work
if BP rises, Aff. Art. dilate which allows a greater GFR
the body responds by constricting A.A.
which reduces blood flow to the glom. and decreased GFR
VICE VERSA
91
Tubuloglomergular in refernce to Regulation
the DPT and afferent A. have a meeting point in a nephron
92
what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
the space where the DPT and afferent A have a meeting point in a nephron
93
cells apart of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa cells
granular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells
94
what does the communication amongts juxtaglomerular apparatus cells depend on
they depend on salt concentrations present in the ascending limb
95
what happens with a high GFR
filtrate moves through the nephron at a high pace with no time for reabsorption
high concentration of NaCl in filtrate
96
what do macula densa cells detect
high Cl concentration
97
what do macula densa cells secrete
ATP which turns into actylcholine
98
what the the ATP do
a vasoconstrictor chemical that contracts AA
reduced blood flow and decreased GFR
99
what happens with a decreased GFR
more NaCl absorption
macula densa cells secrete nothing so AA dilate
100
what is Neural in correlation with GFR
when blood pressure is low, the body pushes blood away from the kidneys to other vital organs
101
what is the nueral controls controlled by
the SNS in releasing Epi and norepinephrine
102
what do the baroreceptors do in nueral controls
cause vaso constrictions and increase blood flow
103
what do contraction of AA and decreased GFR result in
increased blood vol. and pressure
104
what does hormonal controls do
used renin-angiotensin
105
what is reabsorption
the return of filtered molecules back to blood
106
what is the total solute concentration
300 mOsm/L
107
how much energy cost doe reabsorption cost
6% of resting calories
108
how many L a day of ultra filtrate is produced
180L
109
how much urine is excreted
1-2L of urine is excreted every 24 hours
110
what is the miniumum amount of urine that needs to be excretted
400mL/day
111
our total plasma vol.is filtered every ____ minutes
22 minutes
112
what is the goal of reabsorption
get solutes and water from filtrate
113
what does the good stuff have to go thru to get reasorbed
apical mem, thru cell, basolateral men, ISF, endothelium, and into blood
114
tubular reabsorption in PCT
site of water, salt, glucose, Amino acids Reapsorbtion
115
what is tubular reabsorption in PCT regulated by
regulated by the transporters
116
can transporters be maxed out
yes
117
what is the max ammount of glucose that the transportes can handle
180mg
118
normoglycemia
normal urine vol.
glucose free
119
hyperglycemia
increased urine vol.
with glycosuria
120
what is the PCT responsible for
responsible for all glucose and amino acid reabsorption
121
Descending loop what is it Im/permeable to
permeable to water
impermeable to salt
122
where is the descending limb located
deep regions of the medulla, highly concentrated
123
Ascending loop what is it Im/permeable to
impermeable to water
permeable to salt
124
what does the thick ascending limb use
active transport
125
what does active transport work in doing
caused filtrate to be dilute
126
what are the DCT and DC known as
the fine tuners use hormones
127
what hormones do the DCT and CD use
ADH
Aldosterone
AND
Parathyroid H.
128
ADH in relation to system
acts on collecting duct in response to dehydration
it changes water permeability using AQUAporins
129
Aldosterone in relation to system
acts on collecting duct released when systemic BP is low
targets principal cells to reabsorb Na+ and water that increased BP and blood vol.
130
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide in relation to system
acts on collecting duct released from the right atrium of the heart when it is stretched due to high blood vol.
this inhibits aldosterone and lowers BP/vol.
131
parathyroid in relation to system
humoral taste blood 4 calcium levels
132
what is tubular secretion
the active removal of substances from blood into nephron tubules ending up in urine
133
where does most secretion occur
PCT
134
what is secretion
process to clear plasma of unwanted substances
135
what does the nephron secrete
to dispone of drugs and metabolities
eliminate undesurbale substances
rid body of excess K+
control blood pH level
136
Micturation
urination peeing
voiding of bladder
137
muscles during micturation
detrusor muscle contracts
The internal urethral sphincter opens
external urethral spinchter opens
138
what is the goal of the kidneys
monitors solute to keep blood osmolarity at 300mOsm
139
how is the urine concentrentraion and vol regulated
with CC multiplier and CC exchanger
140
counter current multiplier
properties to help establish osmolarity gradients
141
Collecting duct with ADH
no aquaporins = large vol. diluted urine
142
collecting duct with max ADH
incresased aquaporins = small vol. of contrentraed urine
