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BIO 202 > The Urinary system > Flashcards

The Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Micturate

A

pee

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2
Q

Urinary system structures

A
  • kidneys
  • utterer
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

Functions of Urinary system

A
  • filters blood
  • forms urine
  • regulate blood vol. and press.
  • waste product management
  • modulates electrolytes and pH
  • temporarily stores urine in the bladder
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4
Q

Is the kidney a vital organ

A

yes

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5
Q

what protects the kidneys

A

the skeletal system

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6
Q

Location of kidneys

A

tucked under lower ribs and wrapped in fat capsule

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7
Q

what does located retroperitoneal meal

A

its is behind the peritoneal cavity

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8
Q

which kidney is lower than the other

A

right kidney is lower than left

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9
Q

What is in between the kindeys

A

the vertebrae

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10
Q

why is the right kidney lower?

A

due to the liver also being on the right side of the body as well

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11
Q

the kindeys are ____ to posas major and ______ portiion of the dipahram

A

Anterior. Posterior

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12
Q

what shape are the kidneys

A

bean shapped

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13
Q

are the kindeys are _____ convex

A

laterally

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13
Q

what is the medial indentation called

A

the Renal Hilium

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14
Q

what the is the Renal Hilium

A

entry and exit points for
- uterers
- renal blood vessels
- nerves

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15
Q

what catches the urine that is formerd

A

minor calyx

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16
Q

where is urine formed

A

in the cortex and medulla

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17
Q

where does the major calyx dump urine into

A

the utterer

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18
Q

what region is urine formed in

A

outer region

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19
Q

what region is urine collected in

A

inner region

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20
Q

where does the urine leave thru

A

the uterer

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21
Q

where does unfiltered blood enter from

A

renal artery

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22
Q

what does blood turn into after filtration

A

filtered blood and urine

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23
Q

where does filtered blood leave thru

A

renal vein

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24
Q

what is the key vasculature structure that is involved in filtering blood to make it into urine

A

AA, glomeruroues , EE and Pertiular capillaries and vesa recta

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25
Q

what is known as the work horses for urine production

A

the nephrons

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26
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys

A

the nephrons

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27
Q

f(x) of nephron

A

to produce urine from filtered blood

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28
Q

about how many nephrons per kindey

A

1 million

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons

A
  • cortical
  • Juxtamedullary
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30
Q

what wraps around the nephron loop

A

peritubular capillaries

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31
Q

what does each nephron have

A

a glomerulus

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32
Q

what happens at the glomerulus

A

capillary filtration

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33
Q

what happens at the nephron tubule

A

collects, secrets, and conducts urine

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34
Q

what does the nephron compose of

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • nephron tubule
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35
Q

what does the renal corpuscles have

A
  • glomerulus
  • glomerulues capsule
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36
Q

other name for glomerulus capsule

A

Bowmans capsule

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37
Q

what does the nephron tubules have

A
  • PCT
  • Loop of henley ( Acn. Dec)
  • DCT
  • collecting duct
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38
Q

what are the 3 major renal processes

A
  • glomerulus filtration
  • tubuluar reabsorption
  • tubuluar secretion
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39
Q

is glomerulur filtrations specific or non

A

non specific

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40
Q

what does the tubular reabsorption do

A

specific process, only the good stuff. solutes and water

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41
Q

job of tubular secretion

A

any additional products that body wants to get rid off gets peed out

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42
Q

Nephron parts in order

A
  • Aff and Eff arteriole
  • Glomerulus
  • Glomerular capsule
  • PCT
  • Descending limb
  • Ascending limb
  • DCT
  • Collecting tube
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43
Q

what part makes filtrate concentrated

A

Descending limb

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44
Q

what parts makes filtrate less concentrated

A

Ascending limb

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45
Q

Role of PCT

A

responsible for the reabsorption of
water, ions, sugars, amino acids

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46
Q

role of desedning loop

A

absorbs water but not ions

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47
Q

role of ascending loop

A

absorbs ions but not water

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48
Q

role of DCT

A

responsible for selective secretion and fine-tune reabsorption

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49
Q

Role of collecting dut

A

last chance for water reasorption

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50
Q

Urinary accessory organs

A
  • Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • urethra
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51
Q

Characteristics of Ureters

A

2 slender tubes
10-12 inches long

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52
Q

fx on ureter

A

passage way to carry urine from kidney to urinary bladder

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53
Q

what is the the active process that the ureters use

A

peristalsis

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54
Q

Characteristics of urinary bladder

A

smooth, collapsable muscular sac that temporarily stores urine

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55
Q

what tissue lines bladder

A

transitional epi tissue

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56
Q

how much ml can a full bladder hold

A

500mL

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57
Q

what is the trigone

A

the triangular region between uretic orifices and the urethra opening

58
Q

what is the clinical importance of the trigone

A

infections persist here

59
Q

why are UTIs more common in women than men

A

women have a smaller urethra

60
Q

Characteristics of Urethra

A

thin-walled tube carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body.

61
Q

what dose the involuntary sphincter do

A

keeps the urethra closed when urine is not passing thru external spinchter

62
Q

what does the voluntary spinchter do

A

skeletal muscle.

63
Q

Characteristics of urethra in men

A
  • carries urine and sperm
  • 8in long
64
Q

what are the 3 regions of the male urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
spongy

65
Q

Characteristics of urethra in women

A
  • 1.5 inches long
  • only carries urine
  • no reproductive function
66
Q

structures that support filtration

A

glomerulus
glomerulus capsule

67
Q

glomerular capillare are ______

A

fenestrated

68
Q

what do fenestrations aid in

A

makes capillaries 100-400 times more permeable to water and solutes

69
Q

what is superficial to the glom. capillaries

A

glomerular basement

70
Q

significance of glomerular basement

A

house Podocytes

71
Q

what are podocytes

A

podocytes are cells of the visceral portion of the glomerular capsule.
offer additional barrier

72
Q

items that pass thru the filter and become filtrate

A

water
electrolyte
glucose
amino acids
creatine
fatty acids
vitamins
urea
uric acid

73
Q

items that get turned back from filtrate

A

blood cells
plasma proteins
large anions

74
Q

net filtration pressure

A

overall pressure that determines filtration

75
Q

how is NFP calculated

A

adding filtration pressure and subtracting the from the sum of re-absorbed pressure

76
Q

what is outward pressure

A

filtration pressure

77
Q

what is inward pressure

A

reabsorption pressure

78
Q

GCR

A

glomeruluar force rate

79
Q

what is GCR

A

volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys/ min

80
Q

average GCR’s

A

women 115ml
men 125ml

81
Q

T/F most filtered water MUST be reabsorbed or we die

A

true

82
Q

why does GFR change rarely

A

kidneys have a system that keeps an even stable rate

83
Q

what are the 2 controls systems that regulate GFR

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic controls

84
Q

What do intrinsic controls do

A

to maintain a stable GFR

85
Q

parts of intrinsic controls

A

myogenic
tubuloglomerular

86
Q

what do the extrinsic controls do

A

help maintain a systemic blood pressure

87
Q

what are parts of the extrinis controls

A

neural
hormonal

88
Q

why does myogenic mean

A

muscle origin

89
Q

what is myogenic

A

the smooth muscle of Affernt arterole

90
Q

how do myogenic controls work

A

if BP rises, Aff. Art. dilate which allows a greater GFR
the body responds by constricting A.A.
which reduces blood flow to the glom. and decreased GFR
VICE VERSA

91
Q

Tubuloglomergular in refernce to Regulation

A

the DPT and afferent A. have a meeting point in a nephron

92
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

the space where the DPT and afferent A have a meeting point in a nephron

93
Q

cells apart of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa cells
granular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells

94
Q

what does the communication amongts juxtaglomerular apparatus cells depend on

A

they depend on salt concentrations present in the ascending limb

95
Q

what happens with a high GFR

A

filtrate moves through the nephron at a high pace with no time for reabsorption
high concentration of NaCl in filtrate

96
Q

what do macula densa cells detect

A

high Cl concentration

97
Q

what do macula densa cells secrete

A

ATP which turns into actylcholine

98
Q

what the the ATP do

A

a vasoconstrictor chemical that contracts AA
reduced blood flow and decreased GFR

99
Q

what happens with a decreased GFR

A

more NaCl absorption
macula densa cells secrete nothing so AA dilate

100
Q

what is Neural in correlation with GFR

A

when blood pressure is low, the body pushes blood away from the kidneys to other vital organs

101
Q

what is the nueral controls controlled by

A

the SNS in releasing Epi and norepinephrine

102
Q

what do the baroreceptors do in nueral controls

A

cause vaso constrictions and increase blood flow

103
Q

what do contraction of AA and decreased GFR result in

A

increased blood vol. and pressure

104
Q

what does hormonal controls do

A

used renin-angiotensin

105
Q

what is reabsorption

A

the return of filtered molecules back to blood

106
Q

what is the total solute concentration

A

300 mOsm/L

107
Q

how much energy cost doe reabsorption cost

A

6% of resting calories

108
Q

how many L a day of ultra filtrate is produced

A

180L

109
Q

how much urine is excreted

A

1-2L of urine is excreted every 24 hours

110
Q

what is the miniumum amount of urine that needs to be excretted

A

400mL/day

111
Q

our total plasma vol.is filtered every ____ minutes

A

22 minutes

112
Q

what is the goal of reabsorption

A

get solutes and water from filtrate

113
Q

what does the good stuff have to go thru to get reasorbed

A

apical mem, thru cell, basolateral men, ISF, endothelium, and into blood

114
Q

tubular reabsorption in PCT

A

site of water, salt, glucose, Amino acids Reapsorbtion

115
Q

what is tubular reabsorption in PCT regulated by

A

regulated by the transporters

116
Q

can transporters be maxed out

A

yes

117
Q

what is the max ammount of glucose that the transportes can handle

A

180mg

118
Q

normoglycemia

A

normal urine vol.
glucose free

119
Q

hyperglycemia

A

increased urine vol.
with glycosuria

120
Q

what is the PCT responsible for

A

responsible for all glucose and amino acid reabsorption

121
Q

Descending loop what is it Im/permeable to

A

permeable to water
impermeable to salt

122
Q

where is the descending limb located

A

deep regions of the medulla, highly concentrated

123
Q

Ascending loop what is it Im/permeable to

A

impermeable to water
permeable to salt

124
Q

what does the thick ascending limb use

A

active transport

125
Q

what does active transport work in doing

A

caused filtrate to be dilute

126
Q

what are the DCT and DC known as

A

the fine tuners use hormones

127
Q

what hormones do the DCT and CD use

A

ADH
Aldosterone
AND
Parathyroid H.

128
Q

ADH in relation to system

A

acts on collecting duct in response to dehydration
it changes water permeability using AQUAporins

129
Q

Aldosterone in relation to system

A

acts on collecting duct released when systemic BP is low
targets principal cells to reabsorb Na+ and water that increased BP and blood vol.

130
Q

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide in relation to system

A

acts on collecting duct released from the right atrium of the heart when it is stretched due to high blood vol.
this inhibits aldosterone and lowers BP/vol.

131
Q

parathyroid in relation to system

A

humoral taste blood 4 calcium levels

132
Q

what is tubular secretion

A

the active removal of substances from blood into nephron tubules ending up in urine

133
Q

where does most secretion occur

A

PCT

134
Q

what is secretion

A

process to clear plasma of unwanted substances

135
Q

what does the nephron secrete

A

to dispone of drugs and metabolities
eliminate undesurbale substances
rid body of excess K+
control blood pH level

136
Q

Micturation

A

urination peeing
voiding of bladder

137
Q

muscles during micturation

A

detrusor muscle contracts
The internal urethral sphincter opens
external urethral spinchter opens

138
Q

what is the goal of the kidneys

A

monitors solute to keep blood osmolarity at 300mOsm

139
Q

how is the urine concentrentraion and vol regulated

A

with CC multiplier and CC exchanger

140
Q

counter current multiplier

A

properties to help establish osmolarity gradients

141
Q

Collecting duct with ADH

A

no aquaporins = large vol. diluted urine

142
Q

collecting duct with max ADH

A

incresased aquaporins = small vol. of contrentraed urine

BIO 202 (6 decks)

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