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final ugh Flashcards

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1
Q

Adrenal gland

A

A gland that sits just above the kidneys, secretes both epinephrine and cortisol

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2
Q

Allostasis/allostatic load

A

Allostasis: the ways in which ‘normal’ function is maintained under different circumstances
Allostatic load: the consequences of prolonged activation of the stress response, which usually are negative health outcomes

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3
Q

Assisted reproductive technologies

A

Biomedical interventions designed to increase the likelihood of conception and a live birth, including in-vitro fertilization

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4
Q

Attachment theory

A

A physiological theory first proposed by the British psychiatrist John Bowlby in the 1950s that infants are born with the drive to ‘attach’ to one caregiver, most often the mother

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The network of neurons involved in physiological changes that are largely unconscious (ex. breathing, heart rate)

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6
Q

Cholera

A

A waterborne bacterial disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. The bacterium produces a toxin that generates a profuse diarrhea, sometimes resulting in death from dehydration

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7
Q

Clitoridectomy

A

A form of female genital cutting in which the clitoris or clitoral hood is removed

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8
Q

Cortisol

A

A steroid hormone made from cholesterol that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. It is the main hormone that regulates the stress response

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9
Q

Direct transmission

A

Host to host

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10
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful menstrual periods

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11
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future

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12
Q

Endemic

A

A disease that has a long history in the population, with little change in either prevalence or incidence over time

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13
Q

Epidemic

A

A disease that dramatically increases its incidence and prevalence in a short period of time

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14
Q

Epidemiological curve

A

Life course of infection prevalence in a population (‘flatten the curve’, infected, immune (prior infection and/or vaccination), dead)

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15
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

A change in prevalence of diseases, such that one type of disease replaces another. Generally used in the context of a decline of infectious disease and a rise in chronic disease (common in wealthy countries)

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16
Q

Estrogen

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries that is responsible for ovulation

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17
Q

Excision

A

A form of female genital cutting in which the clitoris, along with part or all of the labia minora, is removed

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18
Q

Fecundability

A

The ability to conceive

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19
Q

Fertility/infertility

A

Fertility: the production of a live birth
Infertility: the inability to have a live birth (no conception after 24 months of having unprotected sex)

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20
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

A form of diabetes (insulin resistance) that occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after birth

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21
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

A

The provisioning of postmenopausal women with either estrogen or estrogen and progesterone, usually to soothe uncomfortable symptoms of menopause or to reduce the risk of osteoporosis

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22
Q

Host

A

An individual either infected with or potentially infected with a parasite

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23
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus. An RNA retrovirus that injects T-cells

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24
Q

Idiopathic

A

A disease or syndrome without a clear cause

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25
Infibulation
A form of female genital cutting that involves the removal of the clitoris, the labia minora, and most or all of the labia majora
26
Interpersonal discrimination
27
Institutional discrimination
28
Isolation
Separation of sick person
29
Lactational infecundability
A period of time after birth during which a woman is unable to conceive while breastfeeding
30
Lifestyle incongruity
Inconsistency between one's lifestyle and one's education/occupation, such that the status that goes along with a particular lifestyle is higher than what one's education/occupation can reasonably obtain
31
Medicalization
Defining of a condition as a disease, or in need of medical intervention
32
Microbiome
Human body hosts 90 trillion microbes
33
Modernization
‘Euro-American’ model (“best” model), U.S. (western) hegemony
34
Obstetric violence
Abuse, neglect, or disrespect that occurs during pregnancy, childbirth, abortion, or the postpartum period
35
Onchocerciasis
Parasitic disease - a helminth infection caused by Onchocerca volvulus, which used the black fly as a vector. Its long-term effects include loss of sight and complete blindness, and the skin becomes unbearably itchy and chronically inflamed. Most common in West Africa
36
Ovulation
The release of an egg from the ovary around the midpoint of a woman's menstrual cycle
37
Pandemic
An epidemic that occurs on a global scale
38
Parasympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is activated during vegetative activities and suppressed during a stress response
39
Pathogen
A microorganism that causes disease in a host
40
Pelvic inflammatory disease
A syndrome that may or may not be painful, in which the fallopian tubes are infected with a pathogen, usually a sexually transmitted bacterium. The fallopian tubes may become inflamed or scarred, preventing the fertilization of an egg or passage of the zygote to the uterus
41
Primary infertility
The percentage of women who have not conceived after five years of marriage without contraceptive use
42
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
When blood pressure rises above 140/90 mmHg during pregnancy
43
Premenstrual syndrome
A cluster of negative emotional and physical symptoms before the onset of menstruation
44
Prolactin
A hormone that is released in the mother while a child is breastfeeding
45
Quarantine
Geographical separation of populations potentially exposed to an infectious disease
46
Quinine
A bitter substance derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, which has antimalarial properties
47
Refugee regime complex
48
Resurgent infectious disease
Infectious diseases whose prevalence had declined, but is now increasing or likely to increase
49
Schistosomiasis
Parasitic disease - a helminth infection caused by Shistosoma spp., which uses a freshwater snail as an intermediate host. The worms pair and establish themselves in the veins of the bladder of intestines, resulting in blood in the urine or feces and the buildup of scar tissue in these veins. Results in long-term negative health consequences
50
Secondary infertility
The proportion of women with at least one child who do not go on to have another despite taking steps to do so
51
Sexually transmitted infection
Infectious diseases that spread through sexual activity, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia
52
Sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma spp. derived from cattle (Tsetse fly is vector), generates chronic lassitude and ultimately coma and death
53
Smallpox
Poxvirus derived from cattle, causes pustules on interior and exterior of body (often results in disfigurement or death)
54
Stress response
Natural physiological response to stressful situations (attempt to maintain allostasis) - fight, flight, or freeze
55
Structural adjustment programs
56
Structural discrimination
57
Sudden infant death syndrome
A mysterious disease in which infants, mostly between the ages of two months and six months, simply stop breathing and die in their sleep
58
Sympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that is activated during a stress response and suppressed for vegetative activities
59
Toxic stress
Racial (or other) related discrimination that leads to physiological/biological consequences
60
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from cattle, infects macrophages in the lungs and ultimately results in liquification of lung tissue
61
Vector transmission
Host to intermediary species to host
62
Virgin soil epidemics
An epidemic (usually of an infectious disease) that occurs in a previously unexposed population. Most often associated with high rates of mortality
63
Weathering
Premature aging resulting from long-term toxic stress
64
Zoonotic disease
Nonhuman animal infectious diseases, or animal diseases that derive from animals

anthropology (4 decks)

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